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10th standard NCERT Geography Summary

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  • Resource
    1. Definition
    2. Components of resources (All these interact to create economic development)
      1. Nature
      2. Technology
      3. Institutions
      4. Humans
    3. Classification (Basis)
      1. Origin
      2. Exhaustibility
      3. Status of development
      4. Ownership
    4. Its development
      1. Quality of life
      2. Vital for human survival
      3. Free gifts of nature ??!!
      4. Problems
        1. Depletion - Satisfying greed of few individuals
        2. Division of the society into Haves & Have nots - Accumulation of resources in the hands of few
        3. Exploitation - Global economic crisis - Ozone depletion - Pollution - Land degradation
      5. Equitable distribution of resources
      6. Resource planning
      7. Global peace
      8. Sustained quality of life
      9. Sustainable existence
      10. Sustainable development
        1. No Envi Damage
        2. No compromise on needs of Future generations
        3. International
          1. Rio Earth Summit, 1992
          2. Agenda 21
    5. Resource planning
      1. Why
        1. India - Diversity in the availabity of resources
  • Indias Case
    1. 1st FYP
    2. Conditions required for development
      1. Availabity of resources
      2. Changes in technology
      3. Institutions
      4. Quality of human resource
      5. Historical experience - India
    3. History of colonisation - Rich resources - Attraction for foreign invaders
      1. Their Tech was advanced
      2. Institution building had progressed
  • Conservation of resources
    1. Gandhi -
      1. There is enough for everybody's need and not for any body's greed.
      2. Greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level
      3. He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.
    2. International
      1. Club of Rome - 1968 - 1st time -RC
      2. Small is beautiful
      3. Brundtland commission report
      4. Our Common future
      5. Rio Earth summit, 1992
  • Land Resource
    1. Land utilisation
    2. Land use pattern in India
    3. Land degradation & Conservation measures
  • Soil classification
    1. Alluvial soil
      1. Distribution ?
        1. most widely spread
        2. entire northern plains
          1. deposited by 3 Himalayan river systems– the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
        3. They extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow corridor.
        4. also found in the eastern coastal plains
          1. deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.
      2. Classification
        1. Size
          1. Inlands - More courser - In Piedmont plains ie Terai, Duar, Chos
        2. Age
  • Fertility
    1. Very Fertile
    2. PPaL(Bihari) Potash + Phosphoric Acid + Lime
    3. Sugarcane Paddy wheat cereal pulses
    4. In drier areas - Alkaline -Productive after proper treatment & Irrigation
  • People
    1. Intensely Cultivated
    2. Densely populated
  • Black Soil
    1. black in colour
    2. known as regur soils / black cotton soil
    3. Formation
      1. Climatic conditions & Parent rock material
    4. Distribution
      1. NW Deccan Plateau - Deccan traps - Lava flows
      2. Central India -MH P, Saurashtra P, Malwa P, MP, CG
      3. SE - Godavari & Krishna valleys
    5. Character
      1. Extremely Fine ie Clayey material
      2. Capacity to hold moisture
      3. Hot weather - cracks - Proper aeration
      4. Wet - Sticky - difficult to work - so tilled immediately after 1st shower / pre monsoon period
      5. Nutrients
        1. Rich - calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
        2. Poor - phosphoric contents.
  • Red & Yellow Soil
    1. Red soil
      1. develops on crystalline igneous rocks
      2. in areas of low rainfall
      3. E & S parts of the Deccan plateau
    2. Yellow and red soils
      1. In parts of Odi, CG, S- parts of middle Ganga plain + piedmont zone of the W Ghats
    3. reddish colour
      1. due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. All
      2. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.
  • Laterite soil
    1. Latin word 'later' means brick.
    2. tropical and subtropical climate with alternate wet and dry season
    3. result of intense leaching due to heavy rain
    4. mostly deep to very deep
    5. acidic (pH<6.0)
    6. deficient in plant nutrients
    7. mostly in southern states, Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and North-east regions
    8. Where these soils support deciduous and evergreen forests, it is humus rich,
    9. but under sparse vegetation and in semi-arid environment, it is generally hmus poor
    10. They are prone to erosion and degradation due to their position on the landscape.
    11. After adopting appropriate soil conservation techniques particularly in the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, this soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee
    12. Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for crops like cashew nut.
  • Arid soils
    1. red to brown in colour. 
    2. sandy in texture and saline in nature. 
    3. In some areas the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
    4. Due to the dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture. The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards. The Kankar layer formations in the bottom horizons restrict the infiltration of water. After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable as has been in the case of western Rajasthan.
  • Forest soil
    1. found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available
    2. Soils texture varies according to the mountain environment where they are formed
    3. They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes
    4. In the snow covered areas of Himalayas, these soils experience denudation and are acidic with low humus content
    5. The soils found in the lower parts of the valleys particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile
  1. Interdepencies in Bio diversity
  2. Sacred grooves
    1. Mundas & Santhals of Chota Nagpur - Mahua & Kadamba
    2. Tribals of Odisha & Bihar - Tamarind & Mango
    3. Peepal & Banyan
    4. Bishnoi villages of rajasthan - Blackbuck, Nilgai, Peacocks
  3. Enviromental protection - India
    1. Pressure groups
      1. Chipko - Himalayas
      2. Beej Bachao
      3. Navdhanya
    2. India - JFM (Joint forest management)
      1. Involving local communities
  1. Fresh water
    1. small proportion of 3/4th of all water
    2. This freshwater is mainly obtained from
      1. surface run off and ground water
  2. Rainwater harvesting
    1. Disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi-purpose projects,
    2. ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system
  1. Shillong + meghalaya
    1. Rooftop Rainwater harvesting
  2. Rajasthan
    1. Rooftop Rainwater harvesting
  3. Meghalaya
    1. BAMBOO DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
    2. 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes
  4. Tamil Nadu
    1. first state which made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state.
    2. legal provisions to punish the defaulters.

Ore Production (statewise)

  1. IRON -
    1. OD(33) > JK(28) > CG(19) > KN(11)
  2. Manganese -
    1. OD(24.75) > MP(24.28) > KN(22)
  3. Copper -
    1. Raj(48) > MP(29) > Sikkim (16)
  4. Limestone -