12th Standard Geography NCERT – Fundamentals of Human Geography Summary

3.POPULATION COMPOSITION

1. Sex ratio - female/male * 100
2. World avg - 910
3. Latvia - 1187
4. UAE - 468
5. Age structure - no of people of different age groups
6. 15-59 - working age
7. Age sex pyramid
   1. Expanding population - pyramid shape
   2. Constant population - Bell  shape - tapered at top and bottom bcos of constant birth and death rate
   3. Declining population - narrow base and tapered top - declining population
8. Literacy rate
   1. Percentage of population above 7 years of age, who is able to read, write and have the ability to do arithmetic calculations with understanding
9. Occupational structure

5.PRIMARY ACITIVITIES

1. Dependent on natural resources - red collar workers
2. Nomadic herding
   1. Transhumance - gujjars, bakarwals, gaddis and bhotiyas
3. Subsistence agriculture
   1. Slash and burn
      1. Jhumming - NE states of India
      2. Milpa - central America and Mexico
      3. Ladang - Indonesia and Malaysia
4. Extensive commercial agriculture
   1. Eurasian - steppes
   2. Canadian and American - Prairies
   3. Argentina - Pampas
   4. South Africa - Velds
   5. Australian - Downs
   6. New Zealand - Canterbury
5. Mixed Farming
   1. Labour and technology intensive
6. Mediterranean agriculture
7. Viticulture
   1. Grape cultivation

1. Human Settlements
   1. Types of urban settlement
      1. Town
      2. City
      3. Mn City
      4. Conurbation
      5. Megalopolis