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6th standard Geography NCERT Summary

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1 The Earth in the Solar System
2 Globe : Latitudes and Longitudes
3 Motions of the Earth
4 Maps
5 Major Domains of the Earth

The Earth in the Solar System

  • Sun, Moon and all those objects shinning in sky are called celestial bodies.
  • Fortnight 14 days.
  • Patterns formed in sky are called constellation.
  • Ursa Major or Big Bear; Saptarishi (Seven sages) – Seven Stars – part of Ursa Major – most easily recognisable.
  • North Star=Pole Star; Line joining the 2 pointer stars(2 of 7 stars) and extended further meets north star
  • Celestial bodies with their own heat and light, which they emit is called stars
  • Celestial bodies without own light and getting light from other stars = Planets (planetai
  • Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus have rings (belts of small debris) can be seen from powerful telescope.
  • Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Inner planets (rock made); Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
  • planet(moons) = earth(1), mars(2), Jupiter(16), Saturn(18), Uranus(17),Neptune(8)
  • Sol=roman SUNGOD; solar= relating to sun
  • geo-graphy/logy/metry/oid – ge(earth) and graphia (writing);logia(study of the earth); metria (measurement of earth);oid(resembling the shape or form if the earth)
  • Aryabhatta famous ancient Indian astronomer.
  • Mercury 88 days to revolve around the sun
  • Venus – Earth's Twin(shape and size)
  • Pluto – Dwarf planet (other dwarf planet ceres,2003 UB313)
  • Earth – 5th largest planet ; Geoid shape earth like ; 2/3rd water covered – looks blue from outer space so BLUE Planet ; 150 million Km from sun
  • Moon – 3, 84,400 Km from earth; 27 days to revolve around earth and same time to complete to one spin so we see only one side of the moon; 1/4th diameter of earth.
  • Milky way galaxy=Akash ganga
  • Earth<solar system<milky way galaxy<universe
  • Meteoroids – rock pieces moving around the sun
  • Asteroid found between mars and Jupiter

Globe : Latitudes and Longitudes

  • Globe is true model (miniature form) of the earth.
  • Parallels of Latitudes – Parallel circles from equator up to the poles.
  • Equator 0° latitude
  • By measuring the angle of the pole star we can know the latitude if your place
  • Tropic of cancer - 23½°N
  • Tropic of Capricorn - 23½°S
  • Arctic circle - 66½°N
  • Antarctic circle - 66 ½° S
Various zones of Earth
  • Mid – day sun overhead at least once in year on all latitudes in between tropic of cancer and Capricorn
  • Torrid zone – maximum heat; Temperate zone – moderate temperature; Frigid zones – very cold(sun never rises above the horizon)
  • Prime meridian - 0° longitude passing through Greenwich where British Royal Observatory is located
  • East of Greenwich ahead; west of it behind.
  • 1° = 4 minutes; 15° = 15x4=60 min=1 hour (numerical)
  • The earth rotates 360° in about 24 hours, which means 15° an hour or 1° in four minutes. Thus, when it is 12 noon at Greenwich, the time at 15° east of Greenwich will be 15 × 4 = 60 minutes, i.e., 1 hour ahead of Greenwich Time, which means 1 p.m. But at 15° west of Greenwich, the time will be behind Greenwich time by one hour, i.e., it will be 11.00 a.m. Similarly, at 180°, it will be midnight when it is 12 noon at Greenwich.
Indian Standard Meridian
  • Indian standard time (IST) 82½°E Standard Meridian of India; Russia 11 standard time zones.
  • 1 hr 45 min time difference between local time of Dwarka in Gujrat to Dibrugarh in Assam.
  • POINT ON MAP: Chandrapur MH (Ind), Belo Horizonte Brazil(S Amer), Dhubri in Assam, Tonga Islands (Pacific Ocean), Mauritius Island in (Indian Ocean)

Motions of the Earth

  • Axis of earth makes 66½° with its orbital plane.
  • Circle that divides the day from night is circle of illumination.
Circle of Illumination
Angle of tilt of Earth
Seasons of earth

Maps

  • Map – representation of earth surface or a part on the flat surface.
  • Three types of maps
    1. Physical or relief map – mountains, plateaus, rivers, oceans
    2. Political map – cities, towns, villages, states, countries
    3. Thematic map - roads maps, rainfall maps, distribution of forests, industries
  • Three components of maps
    1. Distance – Map(small scale);plan(large scale)
    2. Direction – cardinal points(east, east, north, south);intermediate directions (NE, NW, SE, SW)
    3. Symbols – conventional symbols ae internationally agreed use of symbols
  • Sketch – rough drawing without scale
  • Plan – drawing of small area on a large scale

Major Domains of the Earth

  • Lithosphere – solid portion of earth-lithos means stones in Greek – 29% land
  • Atmosphere – gaseous layer – atmos means vapour in Greek
  • Hydrosphere – water surface –hudor means water - 71% water
  • Biosphere – narrow zone where we find land, water, and air together which contains all forms of life –bios means life in Greek
  • Two main divisions
    1. Land mass – continents
    2. Water bodies – ocean basins
  • Mt.Everest – 8,848m above sea leavel
  • Mariana Trench in pacific 11,022m deep
  • Seven major continents
    1. ASIA – largest – 1/3rd – separated from Europe by Ural Mountain – tropic of cancer passes through it
    2. EUROPE – Arctic Circle passes through it.
    3. AFRICA – 2nd largest – equator runs through middle of the continent – only continent with TOCap, TOCan, Equator pass – world's largest hot desert Sahara desert – world's longest river Nile – all sides bound by seas and oceans
    4. NORTH AMERICA - 3rd largest – linked to south America through narrow strip of land
    5. SOUTH AMERICA – world's longest mountain range Andes – world's largest river Amazon
    6. AUSTRALIA – smallest continent – island continent – all sides water
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