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You are here: Home / Geography / 9th standard Geography NCERT Summary

9th standard Geography NCERT Summary

April 30, 2020 by BureaucratONE Leave a Comment Last Updated April 30, 2020

Table of Contents hide
1 INDIA - SIZE AND LOCATION
1.1 Location
1.2 Size
1.3 India's neighbours
1.4 Facts
2 PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA
2.1 MAJOR PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS
2.2 THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS
2.3 THE NORTHERN PLAIN
2.4 THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU
2.5 THE INDIAN DESERT
2.6 THE COASTAL PLAINS
2.7 ISLAND
2.7.1 Closing statement
3 DRAINAGE
3.1 LAKES
3.1.1 NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN (NRCP)
4 CLIMATE
5 NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILD LIFE

INDIA - SIZE AND LOCATION

Location

  • 8*4' N and 37*6'N
  • 68*7'E and 97*25'E
  • Tropic of cancer - 23*30' N divides India into almost 2 half

Size

  • 3.28 million sq.km
  • 2.4% of world area
  • 7th largest - Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil, Australia and India 
  • Land boundary 15,200km
  • Coast line - 7500km
  • East to west time lag - 2 hrs
  • Standard meridian passes through - Mirzapur,UP - 82*30'E

Note: Suez canal opened in 1869 and reduced distance between India and Europe by 7000km

India's neighbours

  • 29 states and 7 Ut's
  • 7 neighbours in north
  • Palk strait and Gulf of Mannar between India and Srilanka

Facts

  • States through which Tropic of cancer passes through - Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram
  • Kavarati is the capital of Lakshadweep

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA

  • Movement of plates result in building up of stresses within the plate and the continental rocks above, leading to folding, faulting and volcanic activity
  • 3 types of plate movement
    • Convergent boundary
    • Divergent boundary
    • Transform boundary
  • Most volcanoes are located at plate margin
  • Oldest landmass (the peninsula part) was a part of the GONDAWANA LAND
  • Gondwana land - Southern part of the ancient super continent PANGEA with Angara Land in the norther part
    • India
    • Australia
    • South Africa
    • South America
    • Antarctica
  • Indo-Australian plate separates from Gondwana land and collides with Eurasian plate.
  • The sedimentary rocks which are accumulated in the geosyncline knows as the TETHYS were folded to form the mountain system of western Asia and Himalayas - Tethys sea is the Himalayas now
  • Basin is formed in this process and the Basin is filled by alluvial from Himalayas and Deccan plateau forming NORTHERN PLAINS
  • Peninsular plateau is the oldest and most stable
  • The Himalayas and the northern plane is the recent formation and hence unstable

MAJOR PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS

  1. The Himalayan Mountain
  2. The Northern Plains
  3. The peninsular Plateau
  4. The Indian Desert
  5. The coastal Plains
  6. The Island

THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS

  • Fold mountains
  • Young mountains
  • Loftiest and rugged
  • Forms an Arc
  • 2400km long
  • 400km wide in Kashmir
  • 150km wide in Arunachal Pradesh
  • Altitudinal variation is greater in the eastern half
  • 3 parallel range and number of valleys between them
    1. Northern most - Great or Inner Himalayas or Himadri
      • Most continuous
      • Loftiest - avg height 6000m
      • Asymmetrical fold
      • Core is composed of granite
      • Perennially snow bound
    2. Himachal or Lesser Himalayas
      • Most rugged
      • Highly compressed and altered rocks
      • 3700m - 4500m
      • Avg width - 50km
      • Imp ranges
        • Pir panjal range - longest
        • Dhaula Dar
        • Mahabharat ranges
      • Valley
        • Kashmir valley
        • Kangra, HP
        • Kulu  valley,HP
    3. Shiwaliks
      • 10-50km width
      • 900-1100m
      • Unconsolidated sediments brought by the Himalayan rivers
    4. DUN
      • Longitudinal valley lying between lesser Himalayas and Shiwaliks are known as DUN
      • Famous Duns
        • Dehra Dun
        • Kotli Dun
        • Patli Dun
  • Division based on regions
    • Between Indus and satluj
      • Punjab Himalayas or
      • Kashmir and Himachal Himalayas
    • Between Satluj and Kali
      • Kumaon Himalayas
    • Between Kali and Tista
      • Nepal Himalayas
    • Between Tista and Dihang
      • Assam Himalayas
    • Beyond Dihang gorge
      • Himalayas bend sharply and forms Pruvachal or The Eastern Himalayas
        • Comprises of Patkai Hills, Naga Hills, manipur Hills and Mizo Hills
      • Made of strong sandstones
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The Himlayas

 THE NORTHERN PLAIN

  • Result of interplay between 3 major river system
    • The Indus
    • The Ganga
    • The Brahmaputra
  • Plain is formed of Alluvial soil
  • 3 sections
    • Western part - Punjab Plain - Indus and its tributaries - Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Satluj 
      • Mostly lies in Pakistan
      • Dominated by Doab - do means two and ab means river (punj means 5 and ab means river)
    • Ganga Plains
      • Extend between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers
    • Brahmaputra Plains
      • Assam
  • Variation of relief feature
    • Bhabar
      • Pebbles parallel to shiwaliks
      • All the streams disappear in this bahabar belt
    • Terai
      • Streams reappear and create a wet, swampy and marshy region called terai
      • Thickly forested with full of wildlife - but now cleared
      • Dudhwa National park
    • Bhangar
      • Largest part of northern plain
      • Formed of older alluvium
      • Calcareous deposits known as Kankar
      • Newer deposits are known as Khadar
Alluvial Plain

THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU

  • Table land composed of Old crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks
  • Has broad and shallow valley and rounded hills
  • 2 broad division
    1. Central highlands
      • Part that is lying to north of the Narmada river covering major a major area of the Malwa Plateau
      • Wider in the west and narrower in the east
      • Chambal, Sind, Betwa and Ken is from southwest to northeast
      • Eastward extension = Budelkhan and Baghelkhand
      • Further eastward extension = Chotanagpur plateau drained by Damodar river  
    2. Deccan Plateau 
      • Triangular landmass south of river Narmada
      • Higher in the west and slopes towards east
      • Satpura range in north
      • Mahadev range and Kaimur hills the Maikal range in Eastern extensions 
      • Meghalaya, Karbi-Anglong Plateau and North Cachar Hills = North Eastern Extension
      • West to east hill ranges = Garo, Khasi , Jaintia Hills
      • Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats mark the western and eastern edges
      • Western Ghats - continuous
        • Thal Ghats - MH
        • Bhor - MH
        • PalGhats - KL
        • Higher than eastern Ghats - 900-1600m
        • Hight increase from north to south
        • Anai Mudi (2700m) - highest
        • Doda Betta
      • Eastern ghats
        • 600m
        • Mahanadi to Nigiris
        • Mahendragiri (1500m) highest
        • Shevroy Hills
        • Javadi hills
      • Black soil area of Deccan trap - Volcanic origin or Igneous
      • Aravali Hills - Western and northwestern margins of Peninsular plateau - extend from Guj to Delhi

THE INDIAN DESERT

  • Desert lies towards western margin of Aravali Hills
  • 150mm per year Rain fall
  • Luni is the only large river in this region
  • Barchans crescent shaped dunes - Jaisalmer has a group of barchans

THE COASTAL PLAINS

  1. WESTERN COAST
    • Between Western ghats and Arabian sea
    • Narrow
    • 3 sections
      • Konkan - Mumbai to Goa - Northern Part
      • Kannad Plain - central part
      • Malabar coast - southern part
  2. EASTERN COAST
    • Broader
    • Northern Circar - Northern part
    • Coromandel  Coast - southern part
    • Large rivers
      • Mahanadi
      • Godavari
      • Krishna
    • Chilika Lake - Largest salt water lake in India - Odisha - south of Mahanadi  Delta

ISLAND

  1. Lakshadweep
    • Coral island
      • 3 types
        • Barrier reefs - The Great Barrier reef of Australia
        • Fringing reef
        • Atolls - circular or horse shoe shaped coral reefs
    • 1973 - Laccadive to Lakshadweep
    • Kavaratti capital
    • Pitti Island is uninhabited and has Bird Sanctuary
  2. A&N
    • North - Andaman
    • South - Nicobar
    • India's only active volcano is in Barren Island of A&N
  3. Majuli(Assam) is the largest inhabited riverine island In the world

Closing statement

  • Mountains - sources of water and forest wealth
  • Northern Plains - granaries of the country
  • Plateau - storehouse of mineral and plays crucial role in Industrialisation of the country 

DRAINAGE

  • Drainage pattern
    • Dendritic - when river channel follows the slope of the terrain - tributaries resembles trees and hence the name
    • Trellis - river joined by its tributaries at right angle - develops where hard and soft rock exists parallel to each other
    • Rectangular - develops on strongly jointed rocky terrain
    • Radial - central peak and dome structure
  • Area drained by single river is called drainage basin
  • Any elevated area that separate two drainage basin is called water divide
  • World's largest drainage basin is Amazon River
  • Indian rivers are grouped
    • The Himalayan river
    • The peninsular rivers
  • The Himalayan river
    • Mostly perennial
    • Two major
      • Indus
      • Brahmaputra
  • The Indus River system
    • Rises in Tibet near lake Mansarowar
    • Enters Ladakh in J&K and forms picturesque gorge
    • Tributaries
      • Zaskar
      • Nubra
      • Shyok
      • Hunza
    • Flows through Baltistan and Gilgit and emerges from the mountain at Attock
    • Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum join together to join Indus at Mithankot , Pakistan
    • 1/3rd of Indus river basin is India
    • 2900km - one of the longest
    • Indus Water Treaty - 1960 - 20% of Indus water to India  
  • The Ganga River System
    • Headwaters of Ganga = [Bhagirathi = fed by Gangotri Glacier] + Alaknanda at Devaprayag at UK
    • At Haridwar ganga emerges from Mountain to the plains
    • Dendritic pattern
    • 2500km
    • Tributaries
      • Himalayan
        • Yamuna - Yamunotri Glacier - right bank - meets at Allahabad
        • Ghaghara - Nepal Himalayas
        • Gandak - Nepal Himalayas
        • Kosi - Nepal Himalayas -
      • Peninsular upland - rise from semi-arid areas so not much water
        • Chambal
        • Betwa
        • Son
    • Farakka,WB - northern most point of Ganga delta
      • Ganga bifurcates here
        • Bhagirathi
        • Hooghly
      • Enters Bangladesh and further downstream it is called Meghna
    • Delta formed id Sundarbans Delta
    • Ambala(water divide = Indus & Ganga) to Sundarbans - gentle slope of 300m or 1800km/300m = 1 m every 6km = so Meanders
  • The Brahmaputra River system
    • Rises in Tibet east of Mansarowar Lake close to sources of Indus and Satluj
    • Tsang Po in Tibet and Jamuna in Bangladesh
    • Slightly longer than Indus
    • Most of the course lies outside India
    • U turn on reaching Namcha Barwa (7757)
    • Enters Arunachal Pradesh and called as DIHANG
    • Dihang + Lohit + other tributaries = Brahmaputra
    • Low volume and less silt in Tibet but more volume and more silt in India bcos of more rainfall in NE
  • The Peninsular river
    • East Flowing
      • Mahanadi
        • Highlands of Chhattisgarh
        • 860km
        • Covers MH, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha 
      • Godavari
        • Largest peninsular river - so a.k.a DAKSHIN GANGA
        • Rises from Western Ghats in NASIK
        • 1500km
        • Covers MH(50% basin), MP, Odisha and AP
        • Tributaries
          • Purna
          • Wardha
          • Pranhita
          • Manjra
          • Wainganga
          • Penganga
      • Krishna
        • Rise at Mahabaleshwar
        • 1400km
        • Tributaries
          • Tungabhadra
          • Koyana
          • Ghatprabha
          • Musi
          • Bhima
        • Covers
          • MH, Karnataka, AP
      • Kaveri Basin
        • Rises at Brahmagri  range
        • Reaches BOB in Cuddalore
        • 760km
        • Tributaries
          • Amaravati
          • Bhavani
          • Hemavati
          • Kabini
        • Covers
          • TN, Karnataka, Kerala
        • Note : Kaveri makes 2nd biggest waterfall at Sivasamudram in Karnataka 
      • Others
        • Damoder
        • Brahmani
        • Baitarni
        • Subarnrekha
    • West flowing
      • Narmada
        • Amarkantak hills, MP
        • Trellis pattern
        • Forms Estuaries
        • Flows through rift valley or trough
        • Marble Rocks near Jabalpur where Narmada flows through a deep gorge
        • Dhuadhar falls
        • Cover MP and GJ
      • Tapi
        • Rises in Satpura ranges, Betul district, MP
        • Flows parallel to Narmada in rift valley or trough
        • Shorter than Narmada
        • Covers MP, GJ, MH
        • Forms estuaries
      • Others
        • Except Narmada and Tapi no other west flowing river forms Estuaries
        • Sabarmati
        • Mahi
        • Bharathpuzha
        • Periyar
        • Sharavati
          • Jog falls - Biggest in India

LAKES

  • Most fresh water lakes are glacial origin
  • Dal Lake, J&K 
    • Jewel in the crown of Kashmir
    • Srinagar's Jewel
    • House of boats and Shikaras
  • Wular Lake, J&K
    • Result of tectonic activity in Himalayas
    • Largest fresh water lake
  • Nainital Lake
    • Fresh water lake
    • Crescent or Kidney shaped
  • Kolleru Lake
    • Not the largest Fresh water lake
  • Pulicat Lake
    • 2nd largest brackish lake
  • Loktak Lake
    •  Largest fresh water lake in NE, Manipur
  • Chilika Lake
    • Odisha
    • Largest Lagoon
    • 2nd Largest Lagoon in the world
  • Lagoons
    • Chilika Lake
    • Pulicat Lake
  • Sambar Lake, RJ
    • Largest inland salt water lake
  • Artificial Lakes as a result of Damming
    • Guru Gobind Sagar Lake of Bhakra Nangal Project
    • Kodaikanal Lake
    • Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar - Largest artificial lake
    • Barapani Lake
    • Nagarjuna Sagar
    • Rana Pratap Sagar
    • Bhimtal lake
    • Hirakund Lake
  • Lakes of large extent
    • Caspian sea
    • Dead sea
    • Aral Sea
  • Fresh water lakes
    • Bhimtal
    • Nainital
    • Loktak
    • Barapani

NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN (NRCP)

  • Ganga Action Plan GAP
    1. Phase 1 - 1985-2000
    2. Phase 2

CLIMATE

  • Climate is the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time (30 years)
  • Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any point of time
  • Climate of India is defined as monsoon type
  • Monsoon comes from Arabic word Mausim
  • 6 major controls of climate
    • Latitude
    • Altitude
    • Pressure and Wind system
    • Distance from the sea( continentality ) 
    • Ocean currents
    • Relief features
  • Pressure and Winds
    • Pressure and surface winds
    • Upper air circulation
    • Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones
    • Ferrel's Law
      • Deflection of wind towards right and left in northern and southern hemisphere is called as Ferrel's  Law
      • A.k.a Coriolis force
    • What is monsoon and why India is not desert

NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILD LIFE

  • TYPES OF VEGETATION
    1. Tropical Evergreen Forests
      • Heavy rainfall - 200cm
      • Short dry season
      • 60 metres high trees
      • Multi-layered vegetation
      • Imp trees
        • Ebony
        • Mahogany
        • Rosewood
        • Rubber
        • Cinchona
      • Common animals
        •  elephants
        • Monkey
        • Lemur
        • Deer
        • One horned rhinoceros of Assam and WB
    2. Tropical Deciduous Forests
      • Widespread forest in India
      • 200cm-70cm rainfall
      • Shed leaves 6-8 weeks in dry summer
      • On basis of water availability
        • Moist Deciduous - 200cm-100cm
          • Mostly in Eastern part of the country
          • NE
          • Jharkhand
          • West Orissa
          • Chhattisgarh
          • Eastern slopes of Western Ghats
          • Trees
            • Teak is the most dominant
            • Bamboos
            • Sal
            • Shisham
            • Sandalwood
            • Khair
            • Kusum
            • Arjun
            • Mulberry
        • Dry Deciduous - 100cm-70cm
          • Rainier parts of peninsular plateau
          • Bihar
          • UP
          • Trees
            • Teak
            • Sal
            • Peepal
            • Neem
          • Large part of this is cleared for human needs
      • Animals
        • Lion
        • tiger
        • Pig
        • Deer
    3. The thorn Forests and Scrubs
      • Less than 70cm rain
      • Places
        • GJ
        • RJ
        • MP
        • Chhattisgarh
        • UP
        • Haryana
      • Trees - scattered and long rooted/stems are succulent to conserve water/leaves are thick and small to minimize evaporation
        • Acacias
        • Palms
        • Euphorbias
        • Cacti
      • Animals
        • Rats
        • Rabbits
        • Fox
        • Wolf
        • Tiger
        • Lion
        • Wild ass
        • Horse
        • Camels
    4. Montane Forests
      • Mountainous region
      • 1000-2000m
        • Wet temperate forest
        • Evergreen broadleaf trees
          • Oaks
          • Chestnuts
      • 1500-3000m
        • Temperate forest
        • Coniferous trees
          • Pine
          • Deodar
          • Silver fir
          • Spruce
          • Cedar
        • Southern slopes of Himalayas and NE
      • 3600m and above
        •  Alpine vegetation
        • Silver fir
        • Junipers
        • Pines
        • Birches
      • At higher altitudes
        • Tundra vegetation
        • Mosses and lichens
      • Animals
        • Kashmir stag
        • Spotted dear
        • Wild sheep
        • Jack
        • Rabbit
        • Tibetan antelope
        • Yak
        • Snow leopard
        • Squirrels
        • Shaggy horn wild ibex
        • Bear
        • Rare red panda
        • Sheep and goats with thick hair
    5. Mangrove forests
      • Deltas of
        • Ganga
        • Mahanadi
        • Krishna
        • Godavari
        • Kaveri
      • Trees
        • Sundari Trees
          • Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta
          • Hard wood
        • Palm
        • Coconut
        • Keora
        • Agar
      • Royal Bengal Tiger
      • Gharials
      • Turtles
      • Crocodiles
      • Snakes
  • Wild Life
    • 90000 animal species
    • 2000 bird species - 13% of world
    • 2600 fish - 12% of world
    • 5-8 % amphibians, reptiles and mammals
    • 47000 plant species - 10% of world
    • 15000 flowering plants - 6% of world
    • Notable animals
      • Elephants - Assam, Karnataka and Kerala
      • One horned Rhinoceroses - Assam, WB
      • Wild Ass and Camel - Rann of Kachchh and Thar Desert
      • Indian Bison, nilgai(blue bull), chousingha(4 horned antelope), Gazel, deer and monkeys
      • Lion - Gir Forest - Last remaining habitat of the Asiatic Lion
      • Tigers - MP, Sundarbans and Himalayan Region
      • Yak, Tibetan Antelope, Bharal(blue sheep), wild sheep, Kiang(Tibetan Wild Ass), ibex, bear, snow leopard, red panda - Ladakh
      • Turtles, crocodiles and gharials
  • Biosphere reserves
    • 18 Biosphere reserve - Out of which 11 are world network of Biosphere reserves
      1. Nilgiri, KL, KR, TN
      2. Gulf of Mannar, TN
      3. Sunderban, WB
      4. Nanda Devi,UK
      5. Nokrek
      6. Pachmarhi
      7. Similipal
      8. Achanakmar-Amarkantak
      9. Great Nicobar
      10. Agasthyamala
      11. Khangchendzonga - 2018
  • Project
    • Project tiger
    • Project Rhino
    • Project Great Indian Bustard
  • 104 National Parks
    • Kuno national park, MP - 2018
    • Manas National park, Assam - 1990 - UNESCO World heritage site
    • Nokrek National Park, Meghalaya - 1986 - UNESCO World heritage site
    • Great Himalayan National Park, Himachal Pradesh - 1984 - UNESCO World heritage site
    • Sundarbans National Park - West Bengal - 1984 - UNESCO World heritage site
    • Valley of Flowers National Park - Uttarakhand - 1982 - UNESCO World heritage site
    • Nanda Devi National Park - Uttarakhand         - 1982 - UNESCO World heritage site
    • Hemis National Park - Jammu and Kashmir - 1981 - largest national Park
    • Khangchendzonga National Park - Sikkim - 1977 - UNESCO World heritage site
    • Jim Corbett National park, UK - 1936 - 1st established
  • 544 Wild life sanctuaries
  • Wet Lands
    • Rann of Kachchh - Flamingo

Filed Under: Geography, GS1, NCERT

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