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Modern History

  • The recommended books are
    1. A Brief History of Modern India by Rajiv Ahir, Spectrum Publication - Buy from Amazon and
    2. History of Modern India by Bipan Chandra, orient Black Swan - Buy from Amazon or
    3. India's Struggle for Independence: 1857-1947 by Bipan Chandra, Penguin Publication Buy from Amazon or
    4. Old NCERT - Modern India - A History textbook for Class XII - Buy from Amazon
  • Last three are the same books by the same author but different publication houses
  • The Syllabus for Modern India starts from Decline of the Mughal Empire that started in 1707 until 1947
  • There are Four things to look for while preparing History
Trinity of HistoryExample 1Example 2Example 3
1.EventsRevolt of 1857Decline of MughalsTo be updated
2.Background / Cause of EventPolicies of British between 1757 to 1857Role of Aurangzeb, Later Mughals, Nobles & Rebellious statesTo be updated
3.Consequence of EventBritish response to RevoltFragmented Polity of 18th centuryTo be updated
4.PersonalitiesRani Lakshmi BaiMughal Emperors, Regional Rulers, NoblesTo be updated
Template for History Preparation
  • For prelims focus on Events and for mains focus on Analysis part i.e Causes and Consequences of events.
  • But while writing an answer for mains most aspirants write causes and consequences of events and leave the factual information of events because the analysis part is easier to memorize and they would have forgotten the facts.
  • But you can stand out only if you mention the factual data backed up with analysis.
  • In addition to factual data, diagrams and flow charts are what make the UPSC topper.
Facts + Analysis + Charts / Diagrams / Maps = History Topper

To be updated....

The 1857 Uprising was the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding hundred years of British rule. Elucidate

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British conquest began when East India company got control over Bengal in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey. The policies of the company between 1757 to 1857 created rebellious sentiments among various sections of society including sepoy, peasants, tribals, zamindars, orthodox elements...etc. These sentiments resulted in 40 major uprisings before the revolt of 1857.

  1. Sepoy Revolts & factors thereon
    • Discrimination vis-a-vis European soldiers
    • Mistreatment by superiors
    • General service enlistment Act of 1856 to serve outside India
    • Dress code contradictory to religious beliefs of Sepoy lead to many mutinies including Bengal Mutiny of 1764, Vellore Mutiny of 1806, and Sepoy Revolt of 1857
  2. Tribal Rebellions & factors thereon
    • British policies affected the community ownership of forest land
    • Ban on shifting cultivation and forest produce created an existential crisis
    • Revenue administration of tribal land lead to exploitation of outsiders(money lenders, traders, and foreign government)
    • Christian missionaries threatened the Tribal social & culture framework
    • Territorial expansion into tribal land met with a frequent & violent revolt against British like Santhal Rebellion, Kol Mutiny, Munda Rebellion, Pahariyas Rebellion & Khod Uprising
  3. Peasant Movements & factors thereon
    • In response to eviction, high rents, exploitative moneylenders cum zamindars peasants protested against mostly zamindars and landlords. E.g Pagal Panthis
    • They at times also had religious overtones. E.g Narkelberia Uprising
  4. Civil Rebellion & factors thereon
    • Due to the Doctrine of Lapse & Subsidiary Alliance, native rulers, petty chiefs, Zamindars, poligars & their descendants rebelled against the British. E.g Poligar Revolt, Paika Rebellion
  5. Religious Movements
    • In response to British interference in religious matters, 1757-1857 saw religious reform & revivalist movements like Wahabi Movement, Kuka Movement...etc

The exploitative economic policies, the alien character of British and socio-religious legislations angered every section of society resulting in numerous local rebellion reaching its climax in 1857 and thereafter.

Decline of Mughal Empire

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Why did Mughals decline ?

Introduction

  • In the 19th century we saw the death of Mughal Empire in 1803 and subsequent burial of Mughal Empire in 1857.
  • Mughal empire started to decay in 1707 after the death of Auranzeb

Causes of Decline of Mughal Rule

  1. Policies of Aurangzeb
  2. Role of later Mughals and Nobles
  3. Nadir Shah and Abdali's invasion
  4. Disintegration of Empire due to emergence of semi-independent states

Policies of Aurangzeb

  • Intolerant attitude towards non-muslims like destruction of temples & imposition of Jizya(a tax on non-muslims) - Affected Unity
  • Expansionist Policies of Aurangzeb created enemies across Rajputs, Marathas, Jats, Sikhs Rulers - Affected Stability
  • Thus his policies of expansion and intolerance affected stability and Unity of Empire

Role of Later Mughals and Nobles

  • Aurangzeb Died in 1707
  • 3 of his sons fought for the throne
  • 65 year old Bahadur Shah emerged Victorious

Bahadur Shah

  • He was learned, dignified and able ruler
  • Reversed many policies of Aurangzeb
    1. Hindu Rajas - Tolerant Attitude
    2. Marathas - Half-hearted Conciliation
    3. Sikhs - Peace with Guru Gobind Singh but suppressed Banda Bahadur
    4. Bundelas- Peace with Bundela chief Chhatarsal
    5. Jats - Jat Chief Chhatarsal joined campaign against Banda Bahadur
  • But
    • Administration deteriorated
    • State Finance worsened due to Jagirs and Promotions
    • Death of Bahadur Shah in 1712 i.e within 4 years after ascending to throne
    • Therefore his 4 year reign was not enough to revive the empire despite his ability.

Weak Emperors in the hands of powerful Nobles

Deteriorated administration + Worsened Finance + Weak Rulers = Rise of Nobles
  • After Bahadur shah two types of players entered this GAME OF THRONES, the king aspirants and kingmaker(nobles) aspirants
  • Common traits of these two players
    1. Most of the Emperors were weak, degenerate, lacked manners, dignity and decency and wholly devoted to pleasure
    2. Most of the Nobles / King Maker were powerful, clever, tolerant, cunning and able de-facto rulers
  • History repeated itself with every subsequent king and Kingmaker until disintegration of Mughal Empire
    • Kings were weak, fickle-minded and were afraid of powerful noble yet want to become de-facto Ruler by deposing off the noble
    • King Makers wielded real power and tried to revive the Empire
    • Other nobles and king aspirants conspired against Kings and the Kingmakers
    • This internal power struggle caused immense damage to the administration of Empire

Emperor Jahandar Shah + Noble Zulfiqar Khan

  • After Bahadur Shah's death one of his less able son Jahandar Shah became the King with the help of Most powerful noble Zulfiqar Khan
  • Zulfiqar Khan became his Wazir & defacto ruler
    • He continued the policy of appeasement, conciliation and peace with Rajputs, Marathas, Jats & Bundela
    • But with Banda Bahadur he continued policy of hostility
    • Attempt to Improve finances
      1. Checked reckless growth of Jagirs
      2. Compelled Mansabdars (nobles) to maintain their official quota of troops
      3. Ijarah or revenue-farming instead of todar mal's land revenue settlement
        • This one evil tendency encouraged by him lead to oppression of peasants because under this system, revenue farmers or middle man pays a fixed fee to government and is free to charge whatever they could from the peasants
  • Many jealous nobles and unscrupulous favourites of Jahandar Shah poisoned Emperor's ears against Zufiqar Khan, so he began to intrigue against Zulfiqar Khan - This template repeated with every other subsequent Kings and Kingmakers

Emperor Farukh Siyar + Saiyid Bros

  • Within a year in 1713 Jahandar Shah was replaced by his nephew Farukh Siyar with the help of {Saiyid Bros = Abdulla Khan + Husain Ali Khan}
  • King - King Maker struggle template Repeated so Saiyid Bros killed Farukh Siyar in 1719.
  • Two young princes [chosen by Saiyid Bros] rose to the throne in quick succession but died due to TB.
  • 18 year old Muhammad Shah became Emperor with Saiyid Bros support
  • Policies of Saiyid Brothers
    • He continued the policy of appeasement, conciliation and peace with Rajputs, Marathas, Jats & Bundela
    • Abolished Jizya & pilgrim tax and followed policy of religious tolerance
  • Challenges of Saiyid Bros
    • Administration disintegrated due to constant political rivalry, quarrels and conspiracies in the court
    • So state finance deteriorated as externally zamindars refused to pay revenue and internally official misappropriated
    • So salaries of soldier not paid regularly, so the became indisciplined and even mutinous
  • Conspiracies of powerful noble group under Nizam-ul-Mulk & Muhammad Amin Khan with support of Emperor Challenged saiyid Bros
    • Murder of Farrukh Syar = namal haram or not true to their salt
    • Religious Tolerance = Anti-Mughal & Anti-Islamic

Emperor Muhammad Shah & Nizam-ul-Mulk

  • King-King maker struggle template repeated and Saiyid Brothers were killed in 1720 and replaced by able and powerful Nizam-ul-Mulk
  • Missed opportunity
    • 30 long years of rule under Muhammad Shah
    • Marathas were still in south and Rajputs were still loyal
    • Mughal Army is still strong
    • But Muhammad Shah was
      • Weak minded, frivolous
      • Neglected state affairs and even shared bribes taken by his courtiers
      • under the influence of corrupt and worthless flatterers
    • Again King-King maker struggle template repeated and Nizam-ul-Mulk founded the state of Hyderabad in Deccan in 1724 leaving the empire int he hands of Muhammad Shah
    • This marked the physical break-up of Mughal Empire

Nadir Shah and Abdali's invasion

  • Mughal Empire started to physically break-up
  • Maratha Sardars started expanding towards north
  • Hereditary Nawabs carved out semi-independent States in Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh
  • Nadir Shah needed money to fund his continuous war in Persia
  • The above three things culminated in war at karnal on 1739 between Mughal Empire and Nadir Shah
    • Muhammad Shah taken prisoner
    • Plundered India carried away Koh-i-Noor diamond and peacock throne of shahjahan. This allowed three years tax break in his kingdom
  • Plunder of Ahmad Shah Abdali – 1748 - 1767
    • Plunder continued
    • Defeated Marathas – 3rd Battle of Panipat 1761
  • Effect of plunder
    • Lost territories west of Indus
    • Administration thoroughly paralyzed
    • State Finance ruined
    • Impoverished nobles scrambled for funds - sought rent, oppressed peasants, fought among themselves over jagirs and high office

3rd Battle of Panipat - 1761

  • Revival of Mughal Empire and Ambition of Marathas came to an end
  • Mughal Empire ceased to exist in practice
  • Remained merely as Kingdom of Delhi

Shah Alam II

  • He was an able King ascended the throne in 1759
    • But didn't have any real empire to rule
  • 1761  Battle of Panipat - Reduced Mughal Empire to Kingdom around Delhi
  • 1764  Battle of Buxar - Fought between EIC and Mir Qasim of Bengal + Shuja-ud-Daula of Awad+ Shah Alam II
  • 1803- 2nd Anglo Maratha War (Battle of Delhi) – British occupied Delhi – till 1857 and reduced the Delhi Kingdom into political front

Consequence of Decline of Mughals

  • Enabled British to conquer India
  • None of the Indian power rose to claim the heritage of Mughals, for they were strong enough to destroy the Empire but not strong enough to unite it

Decline of Mughals in 250 words.

Mughal reached its peak during Aurangzeb period and started to decline after his death in 1707. All India Empire reduced to mere kingdom around Delhi after 3rd battle of Panipat in 1761. Subsequently, even the territory of Delhi was occupied by East India company after Battle of Buxar in 1764 and reduced the Emperor to a political front of various power contenders.

Aurangzeb's policy of intolerance and expansion affected the stability and unity of the Empire. After his death and despite the tolerant policies of able Bahadur Shah I, the state finances worsened due to reckless Jakirs and promotions. His early death within 4 years, plus his less able son like Jahandar Shah gave rise to new power contenders Nobles like Zulfiqar Khan. Nobles were powerful and able defacto ruler. They reversed the policies of Aurangzeb, attempted to improve finances and made Hindu, Sikh, Jat, Martha rivals their allies. But the conspiracies and political rivalry of other nobles and fickle-mindedness of later Mughals like Muhammad Shah destroyed the administration, drained state finances and turned the army rebellious. Therefore these nobles like Nizam-Ul-Mulk carved out their semi-independent states in Bengal, Hyderabad and Awadh which started the physical break-up of Empire.

The final blow came through repeated plunder of Nadir shah and Abdali which completely destroyed state finances and administrative machinery. Plunder resulted in death of Mughal empire as an all India force in 1761 after Battle of Panipat. Revolt of 1857 was the final nail in the coffin of already dead empire.

World History – Previous years Mains Questions UPSC

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Previous years UPSC Civil Service mains question – World History

2019

1. Explain how the foundation of the modern world was laid by the American and French Revolutions.

2017

  1. Why did the 'Moderates' failed to carry conviction with the nation about their proclaimed ideology and political goals by the end of the nineteenth century?

2016

  1. The anti-colonial struggles in West Africa were led by the new elite of Western-educated Africans. Examine.

2015

  1. Why did the industrial revolution first occur in England? Discuss the quality of life of the people there during the industrialization. How does it compare with that in India at present?
  2. To what extent can Germany be held responsible for causing the two World Wars? Discuss critically

2014

  1. What were the major political, economic and social developments in the world which motivated the anti-colonial struggle in India?
  2. What were the events that led to the Suez Crisis in 1956? How did it deal a final blow to Britain's self-image as a world power?
  3. The New Economic Policy – 1921 of Lenin had influenced the policies adopted by India soon after independence. Evaluate.

2013

  1. "Latecomer" Industrial revolution in Japan involved certain factors that were markedly different from what west had experience.
  2. Africa was chopped into states artificially created by accident of European competition. Analyse.
  3. American Revolution was an economic revolt against mercantilism. Substantiate.
  4. What policy instruments were deployed to contain the great economic depression?

Post-Independence – Previous years Mains Questions UPSC

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Previous years UPSC Civil Service mains question – Post-Independence History of India

2019

  1. Examine the linkages between the nineteenth century's "Indian Renaissance" and the emergence of national identity.

2018

  1. Throw light on the significance of the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi in the present times.
  2. Discuss whether the formation of new states in recent times is beneficial or not for the economy of India.

2017

  1. Highlight the importance of the new objectives that got added to the vision of Indian Independence since the twenties of the last century.
  2. The women's questions arose in modern India as a part of the 19th century social reform movement. What are the major issues and debates concerning women in that period?
  3. Distinguish between religiousness/religiosity and communalism giving one example of how the former has got transformed into the latter in independent India.

2013

  1. Critically discuss the objectives of Bhoodan and Gramdan movements initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave and their success.
  2. Write a critical note on the evolution and significance of the slogan "Jai Jawana Jai Kisan".
  3. Discuss the contribution of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad to pre-and post-independent India.
  4. Analyze the circumstances that led to Tashkent Agreement in 1966. Discuss the highlights of the agreement.
  5. Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive roles in the emergence of Bangladesh.

Freedom Struggle – Previous years mains question paper UPSC

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Previous years UPSC Civil Service mains question - Freedom Struggle

2019

  1. The 1857 Uprising was the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding hundred years of British rule. Elucidate
  2. Many voices had strengthened and enriched the nationalist movement during the Gandhian phase. Elaborate.

2018

  1. Why indentured labour was taken by the British from India to other colonies? Have they been able to preserve their cultural identity over there?

2017

  1. Clarify how mid-eighteenth century India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity.

2016

  1. Explain how the Uprising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in the evolution of British policies towards colonial India.
  2. Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the Gandhian phase.
  3. Highlight the differences in the approach of Subhash Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi in the struggle for freedom.

2015

  1. How different would have been the achievement of Indian independence without Mahatma Gandhi? Discuss.
  2. It would have been difficult for the Constituent Assembly to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for Independent India in just three years but for the experience gained with the Government of India Act, 1935. Discuss.

2014

  1. The third battle of Panipat was fought in 1761. Why were so many empire-shaking battles fought at Panipat?
  2. Examine critically the various facets of economic policies of the British in India from mid-eighteenth century till independence.
  3. In what ways did the naval mutiny prove to be the last nail in the coffin of British colonial aspirations in India?

2013

  1. Defying the barriers of age, gender and religion, the Indian women became the torch bearer during the struggle for freedom in India. Discuss.
  2. Several foreigners made India their homeland and participated in various movements. Analyze their role in the Indian struggle for freedom.
  3. In many ways, Lord Dalhousie was the founder of modern India. Elaborate.

GS1

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Paper 2 || 250 Marks || 3 Hrs

General Studies-I : Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society.

Art and Culture
  1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Freedom Struggle
  1. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.
  2. The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.
Post-Independence 
  1. Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.
World History
  1. History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the society.
Social Issues
  1. Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
  2. Role of women and women's organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
  3. Effects of globalization on Indian society.
  4. Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.
Geography
  1. Salient features of world's physical geography.
  2. Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).
  3. Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes

The Struggle for Sawaraj: 1927 – 1947

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  1. Emergence of New forces
    1. 1920's Communism
      1. Marxist & Social ideas spread
      2. Why, New trend of socialism -
        1. Inspiration from Marxists
        2. Success of Russian revolution
        3. Dissatisfied with Gandhian political ideas and programmes
      3. Youth
        1. Active
        2. Student conference & Youth leagues
          1. Youths becoming active like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose
          2. 1st All-Bengal Conference of Students - 1928 presided by JN
        3. Their ideals in general
          1. Socialism 
          2. Radical solutions for PES ills
          3. Complete independence
      4. Communist party - 1925
      5. M.N.Roy became the 1st Indian to be elected to the leadership of the communist  International
      6. 1924 - Govt arrested Muzaffar Ahmed and S.A.Dange for spreading communism and tried in kanpur conspiracy case
      7. Merut conspiracy case - 1929/ to supress communist and trade unionist for organising Indian railway strike
      8. Left wing against
        1. Imperialism
        2. Internal class oppression by capitalist and landlords
    1. Peasant and workers agitation
      1. UP
      2. Gujarat - Bardoli Satyagraha by Sardar Vallabhbhai patel organised no tax campaign in 1928
      3. WB- kharagpur - South Indian railway workers went on strike
      4. Jharkhand - Jamshedpur/Tata Iron and steel  works workers strike/Subhas chandra bose settled it
      5. MH- Bombay textile Mills /1.5 lakh workers on strike/Biggest of all
    1. Hindustan republican association - 1924 to organise armed rebellion
      1. Kakori conspiracy case on them 1925 - train robbery near lucknow
      2. 4 hanged - Ram prasad Bismil and Ashfaqulla
      3. In 1928 under leadership of Chandra Shekhar Azad name changed into Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)
      4. Gradually moved away from violence
      5. But anti-simon commision lathi charge killed Lala lajpat Rai in 1928
      6. So Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru assassinated Saunders,police officer incharge of lathi charge
      7. Later Bhagat Singh and B.K.Dutt threw a harmless bomb in central legislative Assembly "to make deaf hear"
      8. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were executed in 1931
      9. Jatin das, Bhagat Singh fasted in prison against horrible condition of prison and Jatin Das died after 63 days fast
      10. Chandra Shekhar Azad
      11. killed in encounter in public park in Allahabad, now Azad Park
      12. Chittagong armoury raid - 1930 in Bengal
        1. Surya sen organised it
        2. Well planned and large scale
        3. 1933- surya sen arrested and hanged
  1. BOYCOTT OF THE SIMON COMMISION
    1. "Simon go back" - Boycotted bcos all members of commision were British
    2. 1927- Madras session presided by Dr.Ansari decided to boycott "every stage and in every form"
    3. Muslim league and hindu mahasabha supported
    4. Muslim as a gesture of solidarity accepted the principle of joint electorate, provided seats were reserved for the Muslims
    5. End result is nehru Report(motilal Nehru) but was not passed in All party convention calcutta -1929 bcos of communalsit (Muslim league, hindu mahasabha, Sikh league)
    6. Gandhi felt time not right for struggle so anti-simon commission movement didn't become wider political struggle.
  2. POORNA SWARAJ
    1. Lahore session - 1929
    2. Nehru succeeded Motilal Nehru as president of congress(foundation stone for hereditary politics--pun intended)
    3. 31, Dec, 1929 newly adopted flag hoisted
    4. 26, Jan, 1930 was fixed as 1st Independence day
  3. The civil disobedience movement
    1. 1930 - Dandi march kick started civil disobedience movement (By Gandhi)
    2. 78 chosen followers,375km (Sabarmati to Dandi)
    3. Many government officials resigned
    4. Followed by violation of forest laws in MH,KR and the central provinces
    5. Refusal to pay rural chaukidari tax in eastern India
    6. In NW pathans under leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (frontier gandhi) organised the society of Khudai Khidmatgars( servants of God) a.k.a red shirts pledged to non-violence and the freedom struggle
    7. 2 platoons of Garhwali soldiers refused to open fire on non-violent mass demonstrators even though they were to face court martial  --- showed the penetration of nationalism into Indian army
    8. NE
      1. Manipur
      2. Nagaland
        1. Rani Gaidilieu
          1. 13 yrs
          2. Responded to gandhi
          3. Imprisoned in 1932, Released in 1947
    9. Govts Reply
      1. Arrested 90,000 Sathyagrahis (Including Gandhi & Congress leaders)
      2. Congress declared illegal
      3. Censorship of News
      4. Violence & Killing
      5. South India most severe repression
    10. Meanwhile
      1. 1st RTC
        1. London 1930
        2. To discuss Simon Commission report
        3. INC Boycotted
        4. Abortive
      2. Gandhi-Irwin pact
        1. Irwin + Gandhi Settlement - Mar 1931
        2. Govt
          1. Release Pol Prisoners who were Non-Violent
          2. Commute Bhagat Singh and 2 others death sentence
          3. Rt to make salt
          4. Rt to peaceful picketing of Liquor & Foreign cloth
        3. Cong
          1. Suspend CDM
          2. To take part in 2nd RTC
        4. Result
          1. INC and Gandhi attended 2nd RTC
          2. INC's younger and left wing not happy as many demands not met even though congress met, esp Bhagat Singh death sentence
          3. British and Congress negotiated on equal terms --- so INC coming of age
          4. Struggle(extra legal mass struggle)-truce(political struggle within 4 walls of the law)
      3. 2nd RTC- sep,1931
        1. INC demanded immediate dominion status, which was denied
        2. Meanwhile farmers agitation against govt land revenue policy
        3. On return gandhi resumed CDM
        4. Viceroy Lord Willingdon ordered heavy force and gandhi was arrested, nationalist literature banned and newspaper censored
        5. CDM officially suspended in 1933 and withdrawn in 1934 followed by br realising political prisoners
        6. Result - CDM failed but people won independence in their heart
      4. 3rd RTC - nov,1932
        1. Without congress
        2. GOI 1935 passed - all  india federation, provincial autonomy but governor can veto leg, bicameralism(but rulers appointed state reps) ,  --- federal provision not implemented but provincial implemented
        3. Election in 1937 - Despite opposing congress contested and won 7/11 provinces and coalition in 2 more, only bengal(ML and krishak Parja party) and punjab(Unionist party) had non-congress
    11. The congress ministries
      1. Reduced their salaries to Rs.500
      2. Promoted civil liberties
      3. Repealed restrictions on the press
      4. Permitted trade union
      5. Release political prisoners including revolutionary terrorists
      6. Greater attention to Education and public health
      7. Nationalist politics - 1935-1939
    12. GROWTH OF SOCIALIST IDEAS
      1. 1920's-1930's
      2. 1929 -US great economic slump
      3. Soviet union was growing
      4. 1st time Nehru in Lucknow congress 1936 urged congress to accept socialism as its goal
      5. The resolution on Fundamental Rights and Economic policy passed in Karachi Session
      6. 1945- Congress working committee recommended abolition of landlordism
      7. 1938- Subhas chandra Bose as president setup national planning committe under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru
      8. 1934- Congress socialist party under Acharya Narendra dev and Jai prakash Narayan
      9. 1935- P.C.Joshi - Communist party
      10. 1939- Bose re-elected but Gandhi opposed it so Bose resigned and started Forward Bloc
    13. THE PEASANTS AND WORKERS MOVEMENTS
      1. 1928 depression dropped agri price by 50% by 1932
      2. Peasant demanded reduction on land revenue
      3. All India Kisan Sabha was formed by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati in1936
    14. CONGRESS AND WORLD AFFAIRS
      1. Foreign policy based on anti-imperialism and anti-fascism
      2. JN attended congress of oppressed nationalities on behalf of the national congress in Brussels capital of Belgium
      3. Nehru was elected to the executive council of the league against  Imperialism that was born at this congress
      4. Condemned fascism Italy, Germany, Japan
      5. Supported china when japan attacked them by refraining to use japanese goods
      6. 1938- medical mission to china headed by Dr.M.Atal to work with chinese armed forces
      7. Against using Indian army to serve British interest
    15. PEOPLE'S STRUGGLE IN THE PRINCLEY STATES
      1. Corrupt and decadent princes - earlier external and internal threat over throw such rulers but now British provided security for internal and external
      2. Gross mismanagement of state affairs- everything was wrong - health, education, slavery, land revenue
      3. British used princes as check for national unity and counter national movement
      4. Princes suppressed CDM in their states and used communalism - Nizam of Hyderabad(anti-Muslims),  Maharaja of Kashmir (anti-Hindus),Maharaja of travancore(Christian behind CDM)
      5. All India states people's conference - 1929 to coordinate political activities in states
    16. GROWTH OF COMMUINALISM
      1. Restricted franchise and separate electorate made it possible
      2. Muslim league and hindu mahasabha supported communal elements to defeat congress in election
      3. Zamindars and money lenders supported communal parties as congress started many electoral reforms
      4. Two nation theory of ML was also supported by Hindu Mahasabha
      5. Congress doesn't want to appease any communal group as doing so would aggravate other communalist
      6. Finally muslim communalist succeeded in partition
    17. National Movement during the second world war
      1. Hitler occupied Austria in 1938, Czechoslovakia in 1939, and invaded Poland in 1939
      2. Br and Fr went for poland's aid and dragged indian into it without consulting congress or elected reps of leg
      3. India already under foreign rule fighting for freedom or another country sounds absurd and congress demanded immediate freedom, which Br refused
      4. Gandhi started limited satyagraha, Vinoba bhave being 1st in 1940 as gandhi supported war against fascism and at the same time he was against imperialism
      5. Japan attacked USA and ran over SEA and reached Burma - - so India want to support Br efforts in turn for substantial power transfer and complete independence after war
      6. Br being desperate for cooperation sent Cripps(cab min & radical left so pro Indian independence) Mission in 1942 but failed so Gandhi through All India Congress Committee launched "QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT" and gave the slogan "DO OR DIE"
      7. Br arrested gandhi and others and made congress illegal once again
      8. Left leaderless movement became violent and bengal and madras became most affected
      9. Parallel Govts
        1. Ballia - UP
        2. Tamluk - midnapore district of Bengal
        3. Satara - Bombay
      10. Govt rxn
        1. Press banned
        2. Machine gunned + Air bombed
        3. Military rule
        4. Punitive fines, torture
        5. Br crushed it like 1857 revolt
      11. Analysis of revolt of 1942
        1. Short lived
        2. Depth of Nationalist feeling - intense
        3. After suppression -No political activity
        4. Leaders In Jail, No new leaders
        5. Peasant, workers, students supported and B'y and upper class loyal to govt
      12. 1943 Bengal Famine
        1. 3 Mn died of starvation
        2. People angry but no expression in political struggleBr could have prevented
      13. Expression outside India
        1. SC Bose (SCB)
          1. USSR
            1. Escaped from India (1941 Mar) to USSR
            2. USSR joined Allies
          2. Ger
            1. So went to Ger
          3. JP
            1. Japan in 1943 feb
          4. Singapore
            1. Formed AZAD HIND FAUJ (INA)
            2. Rash Behari Bose assisted
            3. General Mohan Singh b4 SCB had taken steps for INA
          5. INA
            1. Joined by
              • Indian residents in SE Asia
              • Ind Soldiers & Officers captured by Jp forces in Malaya, Singapore & Burma
            2. Called SCB Netaji
            3. Jai Hind - slogan
            4. Joined Jp Army
            5. Marched upto Burma
            6. JP collapse in WW2
            7. So INA was defeated
            8. SCB - Airplane crash - way to tokyo
    18. Post War struggle
      1. New Phase
        1. Against INA trial
          1. Shah Nawaz Khan + Gurdial Singh Dhillon + Prem Sehgal (INA Officers)
          2. Earlier - Br Ind Army officers
          3. Accusation - Traitors - Broken oath of Loyalty of Br Crown
          4. People called them National heroes
          5. Mass popular demonstrations
          6. Court Martial held them guilty
          7. But Govt set them free
            1. Why - Read below
        2. Changed attitude of Br Govt Coz
          1. BOP world changed
            1. (US & USSR ) as Powers
            2. They supported indian freedom
          2. WW2 Shattered UK s Eco & Mil Pow
            1. Change in Govt in Br (Labour party replaced Conservatives)
            2. Br soldiers tired
          3. Patriotism into Indian personnel (Army + Civil) - Coudnt rely - to suppress Nat Mvmt
            1. Indian Naval rating revolt Bombay 1946
            2. Royal Indian Air force strike
            3. Police + Bureaucracy - Nationalist leniency
            4. Naval Mutiny to release INA prisoners - Abdur rashid notable officer
          4. People Mood
            1. Need freedom
            2. Release INA prisioners
            3. Army shot people in this hartal
          5. Labour unrest
            1. Postal and telegraph workers
            2. Railway workers of south India
            3. Tebhaga struggle Bengal - farmer pay 1/3rd instead of 1/2nd
        3. 1946 - Election - congress won most seats and Ml in reserved seats
          1. 1946- cabinet mission to transfer power with federal autonomy - Both Congress and ML accepted but both interpreted differently
          2. Followed by communal killings - aug,1946
          3. Interim cabinet formed with Nehru as head
          4. 1947- Attlee said 1948 independence
          5. Lord Mount batten worked out compromise and partitioned India and advanced independence
          6. Partition not the way ML wanted(1/3rd India) but those where ML is influential
          7. Partition was bloody so congress accepted it and even Jinnah toned down his communal politics and revised his 2 nation theory by saying muslims in India should be loyal to India. Br also didn't do enough to curb bloody nature of partition
          8. Princely states were allowed to join any dominion but patel ensured most joined India. But nawab of Junagadh(plebiscite),nizam of Hyderabad (police action) and Maharaja of J&K (instrument of accession) held back but later joined
          9. Gandhi was killed in WB on 30 jan 1948 by an arsehole
        4. Br left behind India of
          1. Prejudice
          2. Inequality
          3. Ignorance
          4. Backwardness
        5. Freedom struggle gave
          1. Over throwing of Colonial rule
          2. Vision for free India
          3. Political awakening
          4. Cautious foreign policy
        6. Constitution & egalitarian India
          1. Secular
          2. Democratic
          3. Parliamentary
          4. Federation
          5. Adult franchise
          6. Fr
          7. Dpsp

The Struggle of Sawaraj

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  1. 3rd and last phase 1919
    1. Popular mass movement initiated
      1. Greatest in world history
  2. Why
    1. New matured political situation
    2. After WW1 nationalists were expecting major political gains
    3. Economic situation
      1. Price rise
      2. Depression in economic activity
      3. During war
        1. Indian Industries prospered
        2. Coz foreign imports of manufactured goods were stopped
      4. After war
        1. Industries
          1. loss and failure due to cheap imports
          2. foreign capital invested in India to compete indian capital
        2. Industrialists
          1.  wanted protection by imposing high custom duty
          2. Realised only independent Indian government could provide that
        3. Artisans and workers
        4. Soldiers
          1. Triumphs from Africa Asia and Europe
          2. Imparted Confidence and knowledge of the world to Rural areas
        5. Peasants
          1. Poverty
          2. High taxation
        6. Urban educated Indians
          1. Unemployment
    4. International situation
      1. Allied nations war  time promise to the world
        1. Democracy and self-determination
        2. Britain France US Italy Japan
        3. Broke promise
        4. Paris peace conference
          1. Colonies of  defeated powers shared among Allied powers
          2. Germany and Turkey ( Africa , West Asia, East Asia)
        5. militant nationalism out of disillusionment was born in Asia and Africa
        6. India - half-hearted constitutional reform
      2. Erosion of white man's Prestige
        1. Eroded racial and cultural  superiority bcos during war both sides intense propaganda against each other
        2. Exposed opponents uncivilised colonial record
      3. Russian revolution
        1. Bloshevick (communist) party led by Lenin overthrew Czarist Regime
        2. First socialist state Soviet Union
        3. Renounced its imperialist rights in China and Asia
        4. Self-determination and equal status to Asian nationalities
        5. Motivated others bcos
          1. If unarmed peasants revolution succeeded
          2. Others also can fight
    5. Nationalist movement
      1. India
      2. Government reaction
        1. Carrot / concession
          1. Montague Chelmsford reforms
        2. Repression or stick
          1. Rowlatt act
      3. Other countries also - nationalism - Ireland Turkey Egypt Arab countries northern Africa west Asia  Iran Afghanistan Burma Malaya Indonesia Indo-china Philippines China Korea
  3. After war concessions
    1. Montague(sec) Chelmsford(vic) reforms
      1. Constitutional reforms which led to government of India act 1919
      2. Provincial legislative Council
        1. Enlarged
        2. Majority of them were elected
      3. Provincial government
        1. More power under Dyarchy
          1. Reserved subjects
            1. Finance law and order
            2. Direct control of Governor
          2. Transferred subjects
            1. Education public health local self-government
            2. Controlled by ministers responsible for legislatures
          3. Inference
            1. Governor
              • complete control of Finance
              • Governor could overrule ministers on any grounds
            2. Leg
              • More power now
      4. Centre
        1. 2 houses of legislatures
        2. Lower house
          1. 41 nominated members out of 144
        3. Upper house
          1. 26 nominated
          2. 34 elected
        4. Legislatures had no control over governor and his executive council
        5. Central government had unrestricted control over provincial government
      5. INC
        1. Condemned the proposal in Bombay session in 1918
        2. Surendranath Banerjee
          1. Favoured acceptance of government proposal
          2. Founded liberal Federation
          3. Came to be known as liberals
          4. Henceforth minor role in Indian politics
  4. After war repressions
    1. Rowlett act
      1. After work
        1. 1919 Rowlatt act
        2. Against rule of law
        3. Was passed even after every Indian member of Central legislative Council opposed it
        4. What
          1. Imprison any person without trial or conviction in a court of law
          2. Suspend habeas corpus which was foundation of civil liberties in Britain
      2. During war
        1. Revolutionaries hunted down
        2. Abdul Kalam Azaad prison
  5. Gandhi
    1. Situation after WW1
      1. Cruel Joke
        1. Rowlett act Further restriction of Civil Liberties instead of Extension of democracy after War
        2. So agitation
      2. Gandhi assumes leadership
        1. In S Af - had evolved
          1. New form - Non-cooperation
          2. New Technique - Satya(truth)graha(holding onto) - satyagrahi will be truthful and perfectly peaceful, but at the same time he would refuse to submit to what he considered wrong.
      3. His Super power
        1. Basic sympathy
        2. Understanding of problems & Psychology of Indian peasantry
        3. Hence
          1. Brought masses into mainstream of nationalist politics
          2. United all sections in militant mass national movement
    2. Gandhi and His ideas
      1. October 2 1869
      2. legal education in Britain
      3. South Africa to practice law
        1. Issues
          1. Right to vote
          2. Poll tax
          3. Indian forced to reside in prescribed location which is sanitary congested prescribed location
          4. No out of doors after 9 PM
          5. Footpath usage
        2. Satyagraha was evolved
          1. Truth and nonviolence
          2. Satyagrahi -
            1. truthful and peaceful
            2. Should refuse To  submit to what is considered wrong
            3. Accept suffering willingly while struggling against wrongdoers
            4. While resisting evil he would love evil doer
            5. Hatred would be alien to the nature
            6. Fearless
            7. Never bow down before evil whatever the consequences
            8. Nonviolence was not a weapon of the week and the cowardly only the strong and brave could practice it
            9. 1920 young India - Non violence is the law of our species as violence is the law of the brute but that when there is only a choice between cowardice and violence I would advise violence. I would rather have India resort to arms in order to defend our honour than she should become or remain a helpless witness to our own dishonour
            10. Thought and practice + Belief & action - t&nv daily living
            11. Faith in capacity of common people to fight
            12. Sabarmati Ashram 1916
      4. Gandhi
        1. Identified his life & his manner of living with the life of common people
        2. Symbol of poor India
        3. 3 imp causes of his
          1. Hindu Muslim unity
          2. Fight untouchability
          3. Raise soc status of women
        4. Rel
          1. Devout Hindu
          2. Cul & Rel outlook
            1. Universal
            2. Broad
            3. Indian culture
              1. Is neither Hindu or Islamic
              2. It's the fusion of all
              3. Indians should have deep roots in their culture
              4. And acquire the the best of other cultures
        5. Villages - Told nationalist workers to go to villages coz that's where India lives
        6. Turned nationalism towards common man
        7. Symbol - khadi - became uniform for nationalists
        8. India's salvation
  1. Champaran satyagraha 1917
    1. Problem
      1. Bihar
      2. First satyagraha
      3. Peasantry
      4. Indigo plantations
      5. European planters
      6. Indigo on 3/20th of land
      7. price fixed by planters
    2. Earlier
      1. Bengal same problem
      2. 1859-61 - apprising - problem solved
    3. Gandhi
      1. Gandhi's campaign in South Africa famous
      2. So peasants of Champaran invited him
      3. Accompanied by Rajendra Prasad, jb Kripalani Gandhi reached
      4. Officials ordered him to leave
      5. He defied the order
      6. Ready to face trial and imprisonment
      7. Government cancelled earlier order
      8. Appointed committee of enquiry
      9. Gandhi was a member
      10. First CDM was won
  1. Ahmedabad mill strike. 1918
    1. Bw workers & mill owners
    2. 35% increase in wages
    3. Fast unto death - G
  2. Kheda
    1. 1918
    2. Gujarat
    3. Crops failed
    4. Govt refused remittances of tax
    5. G advised withhold meant of revenue
    6. Govt - secret instruction - revenue collection only from those who can pay
    7. Patel became Gs follower
      1. When masses were awakened from sleep & became active in politics
  3. Satyagraha against Rowlett act
    1. Gandhi was aroused too
    2. Satyagraha Sabha was founded by G 1919 Feb
      1. Members disobey the act
      2. Court arrest & imprisonment (New method)
      3. This method raised the movement to a new level
      4. Nationalist could now act instead of just agitation
  1. Forms of pol struggle known to nationalists b4
    1. Agitation
    2. Meetings & demonstrations
    3. Refusal to cooperate
    4. Boycott of foreign cloth & schools
    5. Individual acts of terrorism
  2. March & April 1919 - political awakening in India
    1. Hindu Muslim unity
    2. Hartals strikes
  3. Jallian Wala Bagh massacre
    1. G call for mighty Hartal 6 April 1919
    2. People enthusiasm
    3. Punjab
      1. Worst pol crime of modern history
      2. 13 Apr 1919
      3. Amritsar
      4. People - to protest against arrest of popular leaders Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew & Dr Satyapal
      5. Gen Dyer
      6. Machine gun
    4. Tagore renounced Knighthood
  1. Khilafat & NCM fuck very big
    1. Lucknow Pact - Hindu Muslim unity
    2. Rowlett act - again united hindu muslim
    3. Hindu Muslim unity example
      1. Arya Samaj leader Swami Shradanand was asked by Muslim to preach from Jama Masjid of Delhi
      2. Dr kitclew was given keys to Golden Temple
    4. Ottoman Empire - Sultan of turkey is caliph or religious head of muslims
    5. Khilafat committee by Ali Bros, Moulana Azad, hakim Ajmal  Khan and Hasrat Mohani
    6. All India khilafat conference 1919 Delhi decided to withdrew all support to government
    7. Muslim league full support to National Congress
    8. Tilak and Gandhi opportunity Hindu Muslim unity
    9. The government meanwhile refused
      1. Refuse to Annul Rowlett act
      2. Refused to amend Punjab wrong
      3. Self government
    10. June 1920 all-party conference Allahabad boycott schools colleges law courts
    11. Khilafat Committee NCM August 1920
    12. September 1920 Calcutta
    13. December 1920 Nagpur
      1. Defy government and its laws
      2. Change in the Constitution of Congress
        1. Provincial Congress committee on basis of linguistic areas
        2. CWC - Led by working committee of 15 members
        3. To reach down to the masses reduced to 4 Anna's
    14. Congress changed its character as the leader of the masses
    15. Some
      1. Did not like the new character
      2. Believed in traditional method of agitation
      3. Confined within the four walls of law
      4. Opposed hartals strikes satyagraha breaking the laws "imprisonment militant struggle
      5. Jinnah Bipin, Chandra  pal, Annie Beasant left congress
  1. 1921-22 people's struggle
    1. Students left government schools
    2. Joined National schools
    3. New national school
      1. (National Muslim University) Jamia Millia Islamia later shifted to Delhi
      2. Bihar Vidyapith
      3. Kashi Vidyapith
      4. Gujarat Vidhyapith
      5. Acharia Narendra Dev, Zakir Usain, Lala Lajpat Rai were teachers here
    4. Lawyers give up their lucrative legal practice
      1. Chittaranjan Das deshBandhu
      2. Moti Lal Nehru
      3. Rajendra Prasad
      4. Saif Uddin kitchlew
      5. Rajagopal Acharia
      6. Sardar Patel
      7. T Prakasam
      8. Asaf Ali
    5. Tilak Swaraj fund founded
      1. To finance NCM
      2. Over six months crore rupee was subscribed
    6. Women
      1. Offered their jewellery
    7. All India khilafat committee
      1. Resolution that no Muslim should serve in British Indian Army
      2. Ali Bros arrested for sedition
    8. All India Congress committee  + Gandhi + Congress working committee
      1. Similar resolution -no Indian should serve Br govt which degraded India socially economically and politically
      2. CDM incl. withholding dues and NCM launched
      3. Government reaction
        1. Congress & Khilafat declared illegal
        2. All imp arrested except Gandhi (3000)
      4. People
        1. Prince of Whales - Nov 21 - Demonstrations
      5. Congress Meeting Allahabad
        1. Dec 1921
          1. Intensify non violent NCM
          2. Pledge Satyagrahis
            1. Non violent
            2. Unity among all religions
            3. Hindu fight against untouchability
            4. People to organize
            5. Individual & Mass CDM
      6. Famous struggles
        1. Punjab - Akali Movement against corrupt Mahants
        2. Assam - tea plantation workers strike
        3. Malabar - Moplahs, Muslim peasants - anti-zamindars
      7. Gandhi Feb 1922
        1. Mass CDM + Non Payment of tax if within 7 days
          1. Didn't release prisoners
          2. Press released from govt control
      8. The struggle which went too far (Overacting)
        1. UP - Gorakhpur - chauri Chaura incident - police fired on people and people burnt police station and 22 police died --- this lead to Gandhi withdraw NCM
      9. Why gandhi withdraw NCM
        1. People haven't understood non-violence and satyagraha
        2. Br could easily suppress movement stating violence
      10. CWC passed resolution(Bardoli resolution) to withdraw NCM and do constructive work
        1. Popular & Young leaders dissapointed
          1. SC Bose
          2. JL Nehru
        2. But both leaders & People had faith in Gandhi
      11. Gandhi was arrested and he pleaded guilty and sent to 6 year prison 1922
      12. Mustafa kamal Pasha made turkey secular and abolished caliph made Khilafat movement irrelevant
      13. NCM and CDM apparently failed but
        1. National movt reached remotest corner
        2. Urban muslims in nationalist movement
        3. United hindu muslim even though political struggle was communalised
        4. Women inclusive
        5. People
          1. Lost the sense of fear of the brute strength of the Br
          2. Self confidence & Self esteem
        6. G - The fight which was started in 1920 was the fight to the finish
      14. Br rule - Twin notions
        1. They ruled India for the good of Indians
          1. Challenged by economic critique by moderates
            1. Disseminated to the common man through speeches, NwP, Dramas, Songs, etc
        2. Invincible and Incapable of being overthrown
          1. Challenged by satayagraha and mass struggle
    9. Government reaction
      1. Congress & Khilafat declared illegal
  1. Swarajists
    1. Demoralisation in nationalist ranks after withdrawal of NCM
    2. 1922 28
    3. Differences among leaders
    4. CR Das & Motilal Nehru( Swarajists)
      1. Nationalists should
        1. End boycott of leg councils
        2. Enter them
        3. Obstruct their working
        4. Expose its weakness
        5. Transform into areas of political struggle
      2. Accepted programs of congress except it would take part in leg councils
      3. In dec,1922 - Das(prez) and M.nehru(sec) started Congress-khilafat Swarajya party within congress
  2. No changers
    1. Patel , Prasad, Dr.Ansari
    2. Opposed Council entry
    3. Politics would lead to
      1.  neglect of work among the masses
      2. Create rivalries
      3. Weaken nationalist fervour
    4. Constructive program
      1. To prepare people  for new round of mass struggle
  3. No changers vs swarajists
    1. Political controversy
    2. Gandhi also failed to unite
    3. Both were avoiding split as that of 1907 Surat
    4. Swarajists
      1. 1923 Nov elections -42 /101 seats
      2. Out voted govt in cent and provincial assembly
      3. Patel elected as speaker of cent assembly
      4. Powerful speeches on self govt civil liberties, industrial dev
      5. Exposed reform act of 1919
      6. CR Das death 1925
    5. No changers
      1. Ashrams all over country
      2. Promoted charkha & khadi
      3. National schools & colleges
  4. Adrenaline Withdrawal symptoms of NCM
    1. People frustrated
    2. Communalism
    3. Communal elements took advantage
    4. Communal riots
    5. Muslim league(1906) & Hindu Maha Sabha(december 1917) became active now
  5. Responsivists
    1. Madan Mohan Malaviya, Lala Lajpat Rai, khelkar
    2. Cooperation to government to safeguard Hindu interests
    3. Accused Moti Lal Nehru of being anti-Hindu, supporting cow slaughter and eating beef
  6. 21 day fast Gandhi
    1. Maulana mohamed Ali's house
    2. Penance for inhumanity in communal riots
    3. No one gave damn

The Nationalist Movement: 1905 – 1918

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  1. Militant nationalism / extremism
    1. Got expression during Partition of Bengal 1905 struggle
    2. Why/ how
      1. political training - educated Indians
      2. Nationalist  Demands - not accepted, disillusionment
      3. Needed vigorous political action other than
        1. Meetings
        2. Petitions
        3. Memorials
        4. Speeches
  2. True nature of the British rule - Exposed
    1. Moderate nationalist belief
      1. British rule can be reformed from within (Had belief)
    2. But Nationalist writers
      1. British rule was to exploit India economically
      2. Enrich England at the cost of India
      3. Progress economically possible only when Imperilsm was replaced by government by Indian people
      4. Indian Industries - flourish only under Indian government
    3. Evil economic consequence of foreign government
      1. Famines 1896 to 1900 - 90  lakh people died
    4. Political events 1892 to 1905
      1. Indian councils act 1892
      2. 1898 law
        1. Offense to excite feelings of disaffection towards foreign government
      3. 1899
        1. Indian members in the Calcutta Corporation was reduced
      4. 1904 official secrets act - restrict freedom of press
      5. 1897 -
        1. Natu Brothers - deported without being tried
        2. Tilak and other newspaper editors - long terms of imprisonment for arousing people
      6. Anti-Congress attitude of Lord Curzon
    5. Social and cultural
      1. Primary and technical education no progress
      2. Higher education
        1. Officials were becoming suspicious and discouraged it's spread
        2. Indian University act 1904 - tighter control of Univ
  3. Growth of self-respect and self confidence
    1. Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra pal
      1. Preached self-respect
      2. Asked nationalists to rely on the capacity of masses
    2. Vivek Ananda also - self-respect - weakness is sin
  4. Growth of education and unemployment
    1. 19th-century educated Indians increased rapidly
    2. Some low salaries in administrative work
    3. Others unemployment
    4. Influence of Western Ideas
      1. Democracy
      2. Nationalism
      3. Radicalism
    5. Educated Indians - followers of militant nationalism coz
      1. Low paid or unemployed
      2. Educated in World history modern thought and politics
  5. International influences
    1. Japan
      1. Rise of modern Japan after 1868
        1. Asian country could develop itself without western control
        2. Became first rate industrial and military power
        3. Introduced universal primary education
        4. Efficient modern Administration
    2. Ethiopia
      1. Italian defeat by Ethiopians in 1896
    3. Japan
      1. Russian defeat by Japan in 1905
    4. Revolutionary movements
      1. Ireland Russia Egypt Turkey China
    5. South Africa
      1. Boer wars
    6. Moral of the story
      1. The spirit of patriotism and self-sacrifice could challenge even the most powerful of despotic governments
  6. Militant nationalist school of thought
    1. Had existed from the beginning of Nationalist movement
    2. Represented by
      1. Bengal - Raj Narain Bose & Ashwin Kumar Dutt
      2. Maharashtra -
        1. vishnu Shastri chiplunkar
        2. Lokamanya Bala Gangadhar Tilak
          1. Co Founder
            1. New English School 1880s - became Fergusson College
            2. Mahratta English newspaper
            3. Kesari Marathi newspaper
          2. 1893 traditional Ganapathy festival
          3. Shivaji festival
          4. No tax campaign in MH 1896-97
          5. Failed crops - withholdment of land Revenue
          6. 1897 - arrested for spreading. Hatred and disaffection
            1. Symbol - new national spirit of self-sacrifice
    3. Favourable climate
    4. Second stage of national movement
    5. Leaders
      1. Lal Bal Pal
        1. Bala Ganga Dara  Tilak
        2. Bipin Chandra pal
        3. Lala Lajpat Rai
      2. Aurobindo Ghosh
    6. Believed that
      1. Indians themselves should work
      2. Great sacrifices and sufferings are needed
      3. Denied progress is possible under British
      4. Masses
        1. Faith in strength of masses
        2. Direct political action by masses
  7. Trained leadership - was available by 1905 to guide political agitations
  8. Partition of Bengal
    1. 1905 - partition of Bengal announced - Lord Curzon  - militant nationalism emerged - national movement entered second stage
    2. Lord Curzon  Order - Bengal into two parts (Doubt in Muslim majority Areas)
      1. East Bengal and Assam
        1. 31 million
      2. The rest of Bengal
        1. 54 million
          1. 18 million Bengalis
          2. 36 million Biharis & Oriyas
      3. Reason - administrative convenience
      4. Reality - to strike the nerve centre of Indian nationalism
    3. Home Secy Riseley - Bengal United's power Bengal divided will pull in several different ways
  9. Anti-partition movement
    1. Entire national leadership of Bengal
    2. Initial stage leaders
      1. Surendra Nath Banerjee
      2. Krishna Kumar Mitra
    3. Later stages
      1. Militant and revolutionary nationalists took over
    4. But both cooperated
    5. 7 August 1905 - Townhall Calcutta - massive demonstration
    6. 16 October 1905 - partition took effect
    7. Rabindranath Tagore - Amar Sonar Bangla - sung by huge crowds - adopted as national anthem of Bangladesh in 1971
    8. Streets - Cries of Bande Mataram - became national song of Bengal - soon became theme song of National movement
    9. Raksha Bandhan - Hindu Muslim tied Rakhi as a symbol of unbreakable unity
    10. Anand Mohan Bose - laid foundation of Federation Hall
  10. Swadeshi and boycott
    1. BBengal leaders preferred more positive action than that of moderate methods
    2. The answer Swadeshi and boycott
      1. Was an immense success
    3. Burning of foreign cloth and picketing of shops selling foreign cloth
    4. Atmashakti / self-reliance was important aspect
      1. Opening of
        1. Indigenous Interprises
        2. Textile mills
        3. Soap and match factories
        4. Handloom weaving
        5. National banks
        6. Insurance companies
      2. Acharya Ray
        1. Bengal chemical Swadeshi stores
      3. Rabindranath Tagore
        1. Swadeshi store
    5. Influence of Swadeshi on culture
      1. Nationalist poetry prose and journalism
      2. Patriotic songs
        1. Rabindranath Tagore
        2. Rajnikant sen
        3. Syed Abu Muhammad
        4. Mukunda Das
  1. National education
    1. Literary
    2. Technical
    3. Physical education
    4. 15 August 1906 National Council of education
    5. National college with Aurobindo Ghosh as principal at Calcutta
  2. Role of students women Muslims & the masses
    1. Students
      1. Prominent role
      2. Picketing of shops selling foreign cloth
      3. Government reaction (for students and schools involved)
        1. Grant-in-aid withdrawn
        2. Schools disaffiliated
        3. Not permitted to compete for scholarship
        4. Barred from all services under government
        5. Expelled from school
    2. Women
      1. traditionally home centred urban middle class
      2. Processions and picketing
      3. From here on active part for rest of nationallist movement
    3. Muslims
      1. Abdul Rasul
      2. Liaqat Hussain
      3. Maulana Abul Kalam Azaad
        1. Joined revolutionary terrorist group
      4. Some others
        1. Remained neutral
        2. Supported the partition
          1. Nawab of Dhaka - 14 lakh loan from government
  1. Masses
  1. All India aspect of the movement
    1. Bombay
    2. Madras
    3. Northern India
    4. Tilak
      1. Major role
  2. Growth of militancy
    1. Leadership of antipartition movement passed on to militant nationalists lbp & ghosh
    2. Because
      1. Moderates failed
      2. Seeds of Hindu Muslim dis unity
        1. Government of East Bengal
      3. Repressive government policy
        1. Singing Bunde Mataram banned - public singing
        2. Students crushed
        3. Public meetings restricted
        4. Laws controlling press
        5. Swadeshi workers prosecuted imprisoned
        6. Military police stationed
          1. Police assault Bengal provincial conference at Barisal April 19 06
        7. Leaders
          1. Krishna Kumar Mitra & Ashwini Kumar Dutt deported
          2. Lala Lajpat Rai. & Ajit Singh deported
          3. Tilak arrested again six year imprisonment
          4. Chidambaram Pillai & Hari sarvottam rao imprisoned
    3. Militant nationalists Methods
      1. Swadeshi + boycott + passive resistance
      2. Aurobindo Ghosh-
        1. to make administration under present condition impossible
        2. Political freedom is the lifebreath of the nation
      3. Into mass movement
      4. Independence from foreign rule
        1. From partition freedom became central question
      5. Self sacrifice
    4. Evaluation
      1. Failed in
        1. Effective leadership
        2. Positive lead and channelise people
        3. to read the masses
          1. Confined to Urban middle class and Zamindar
      2. Prominent leaders and end in 1908
        1. Tilak prison
        2. Bipin Chandra pal and Ghosh - retirement
      3. Positives
        1. People woken from slumber
        2. New form of mass mobilisation and political action
        3. Fearless attitude in politics
  3. Growth of revolutionary nationalism
    1. passive resistance no longer so physically expelled
    2. Yugantar
      1. After Barisal conference 1906The- remedy is with people 30 crore
    3. Influences
      1. Russian nihilists
      2. Irish terrorists
      3. Assassinate unpopular officers
    4. Terrorist acts
      1. Chapekar bros
        1. Poona 2 unpopular British officers assassinated
      2. Savarkar
        1. Organised Abhinav Bharat
          1. Secret society of revolutionaries
      3. Newspapers
        1. Advocated revolutionary terrorism
          1. Sandya Bengal
          2. Yugantar Bengal
          3. Kal Maharashtra
      4. Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki
        1. 1907 -Lieutenant Governor of Bengal 
        2. 1908 - believed to carry Kingsford an unpopular  judge of Muzzafarpur bomb to carriage
        3. Chacki - shot himself
        4. Khudiram Bose tried and hanged
    5. Secret societies
      1. Anusheelan Samiti
        1. Dhaka section had 500 branches
        2. Viceroy Lord Hardinge bomb elephant state procession in Delhi wounded
    6. Centres abroad
      1. London
        1. Shyamaji Krishna Verma
        2. Savarkar
      2. Europe
        1. Madame cama
        2. Ajit Singh
    7. The fall
      1. Terrorism was bound to fail
      2. Couldn't mobilise the masses
      3. No base among people
      4. Heroism
      5. Immensely popular terrorists even though political conscious people did not agree with their methods
      6. Historians - they gave us back the pride of manhood
  4. Indian National Congress 1905 1914
    1. Supported boycott and Swadeshi of Bengal
    2. Disagreement
      1. Between moderates and militant nationalists
      2. Militant nationalists -
        1. Extend b&s to rest of the country
        2. And to extend b to every form of association with colonial government
      3. Moderates
        1. Only Bengal
        2. Only to foreign goods
      4. Tussle- President ship of National Congress 1906
        1. Dada was chosen as a compromise
        2. Coz he was respected by all nationalists
        3. He declared Swaraj as goal
      5. Split
        1. Surat session 1907 Dec
        2. Moderate leaders captured machinery of Congress and expelled extremists
      6. Minto Morley reforms
        1. "
        2. Real reason
        3. Separate electorate
          1. Communalism
  5. The growth of communalism (Very Much Incomplete)
    1. Communalism definition
    2. Stages
    3. Modern phenomenon
    4. British attitude towards Muslims
  1. Ahrar movement
  2. Aligarh school
  3. Deoband School
  4. Turkey
  5. Syyed Ahmed Khan
  6. Hindu communalism
    1. Punjab Hindu Sabha
    2. First session all India Hindu Maha Sabha
  7. Difference between Hindu and Muslim communalism during this time
  1. Nationalists and the First World War
  2. Home Rule leagues
    1. Why
      1. Popular pressure for real conssessions
      2. So Mass agitation necessary
      3. But INC - Moderate - Passive - No Pol work among people
    1. Demand
      1. Self govt after war
    2. When
      1. 1915-16
    3. Who
      1. Tilak
      2. Beasant + Subramanya Iyer
      3. Both worked in co operation
    4. Revolutionary mvmt during war
      1. USA & Canada
        1. Gwadr (Rebellion) Party
          1. Punjabi sikh peasants & Ex Soldiers
  3. Lucknow session of the Congress 1916
    1. Nationalists realized _ disunity _ harming their cause
    2. United 1st time since 1907
    3. Demanded Further const reforms
    4. AIML (All India Muslim League) & Congress
      1. Sank old differences
      2. Common pol demand b4 Govt
      3. Congress league pact (Lucknow pact) was signed
      4. MA Jinnah & Tilak - Imp Role - bringing 2 together
        1. Thought self govt only through Hindu-Muslim unity
      5. Same resolutions passed
      6. Joint scheme of political reforms
      7. Problem though
        1. Didn't involve masses
        2. Accepted separate electorates
        3. Hence no secularisation.. Later led to communalisation
    5. Why
      1. Old controversy had no meaning now
      2. Political inactivity since breakup
      3. Tilak released in 1914
    6. Result - Govt response
      1. Aug 1917
        1. Gradual dev of self governing institutions
        2. Progressive realisation of responsible govt of india
      2. 1918 Montague chlemsford reforms