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1995-2000
- Global reaction to privatisation. " market-driven growth is rootless and jobless growth " - Amartya Sen
- Growth ≠ Development - Human development Approach - life expectancy, literacy, poverty, IMR, MMR - Development was equated with freedom. i.e expanding choices access and more qualitative improvement
- Even in governance Good governance was stressed upon - Rule of Law, transparency, accountability, consensus, participation, free and fair election
- Focus was on equity and empowerment rather than on efficiency
- Along with LPG, LSG took place. It added 3rd tier to federalism with the following feature with the following features
- Structural Uniformity - 3 tier - Zilla Panchayat, Taluk Panchayat, Gram Panchayat, Gram Sabha
- Elections conducted by state election commission - 5 years terms for PRI's and elections to be conducted within 6 months it prematurely dissolved.
- Separate SFC - State Finance Commission for recommending allocation between state and LSG
- Reservation - 1/3rd reservation for women even in a leadership position
- Separate 11th and 12th Schedule (29 & 18 subjects) for PRI's (11th Sch & 73rd CAA) and ULB's(12th Sch & 74th CAA)
However, the most important provisions i.e giving autonomy to PRI is optional (States are reluctant to empower PRI's with F3). Therefore LSG has had limited success, that too in states like Kerala, W.B, Karnataka, AP, Rajasthan, MP and MH
Case studies of some Villages
- Gangadevipalli - Telangana - 100% literacy, prohibition, toilet coverage, free Wifi and cable
- Sachin Tendulkar adopted Puttamraju Kandriga under Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana
- Hiware Bazar - Village with 60 Millionaires
- Punsari in Gujarat - Smartest Model Village
- Chhavi Rajawat - MBA turned surpanch - Rajasthan - has lead the village in Rural Development esp. in sanitation, Hygiene programme
- Gadchiroli in of MH was able to resist LMN impact through community and panchayat activism
- Fatima Bewi in Kurnool District - Illiterate surpanch got UN race against poverty award
- Cawzingirikhaning Gram panchayat in Sikkim launched Dharavikas programme - Spring shed development and has become self reliant
- Sanur Gram Panchayat in Karnataka has got google award for Best panchayat - It reviwed traditional water bodies, rationed it and is least dependent on state for its developmental needs.
Post 73rd and 74th Amendment
- Welfare to empowerment approach - Spice - Sustainable, participative, inclusive, comprehensive, empowerment oriented
- State-led development to LSG / Community lead
- RBA - Rights based approach - Statutory Entitlements .e.g - MGNAREGA, RTE, FSA - Food security Act
- Citizen as an active collaborator. e.g Swatch Bharath Abhiyan, Kudumba Shree project in Kerala ( Poverty Elevation ), Bhakyadhari in Delhi
- JAM approach - Jandan Adhaar and Mobile - Financial Inclusion, monetisation of the economy
- Aadhar identity infra - Better targeting of beneficiaries, it checks leakages and pilferages, DBT - Direct benefit Transfer. Mobile - Tech-driven, better identification, verification and facilitation
- Direct Outreach - Crowdsourcing, mygov.in
- Smart City Approach
- Digital India - E-governance, sansadh aadharsh gram yojana
- Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gramin Kaushal Yojana - youth employment scheme