- The
Bengal Gazette / Calcutta General Advertiser (1780)
- James Augustus Hickey
- 1st news paper
- Seized in 1872 bcos it criticised govt
- Early
regulation
- Censorship of
Press Act, 1799 - pre-censorship
- By Lord Wellesley
- Relaxed by Lord Hastings
- Licensing Regulations,1823
- John Adams
- Press without license was a penal offence
- Against Indian language and Indian editors
- Rammohun Roy's Mirat-ul-akbar has to stop
- Press act of 1835 / Metcalfe
Act
- Repealed 1823 ordinance
- Metcalfe became liberator of the Indian press
- Just precise address of press
- Press grew rapidly
- Licensing Act 1857
- Bcos of revolt
- Registration Act 1867
- Replaced Metcalfe act
- Regulatory not restrictive
- Print name, place and a copy to local govt in 1 month
- Censorship of
Press Act, 1799 - pre-censorship
- Struggle by Early Nationalist to secure press freedom
- The Hindu and Swadesamitran - G. Subramaniya Aiyar
- The Bengalee - Surendranath Banerjea
- Voice of India - Dadabhai Naoroji,
- Amrita Bazar Patrika - Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh,
- Indian Mirror - N.N. Sen,
- Kesari (in Marathi) and Maharatta (in English) - Balgangadhar Tilak,
- Sudharak under Gopal Krishna Gokhale,
- Hindustan and Advocate under G.P. Verma
- Tribune and Akbhar-i-am in Punjab, Gujarati,
- Indu Prakash, Dhyan Prakash and Kal in Bombay
- Som Prakash, Banganivasi and Sadharani in Bengal.
- VENACULAR PRESS ACT 1878 / Gagging act
- Lytton's Delhi Durbar during famine in 1976-1877
- Press was critical so the act
- Features
- DM
- Empowered to enter into bond with press
- DM action final and no appeal
- Exception if proofs submitted
- Discrimination between vernacular and English press
- Amrita Bazar Patrika turned English overnight
- Proceeding against Som Prakash, Bharath mihir, daccca prakash, samachar
- DM
- Nicknamed gagging act
- Ripon repealed it in 1882
- Surendra Nath Banerjee arrested - 1st Indian journalist to be imprisoned
- Tilak arrest
- Used Ganapati festival and shivaji festivals to build anti-imperialist sentiments among public
- Kesari and Maharatta his mouthpiece
- All Maharashtra campaign to boycott foreign cloth and tax on cotton
- Wanted to bring lower middle class, the peasants, artisans and workers into congress
- No-tax campaign in MH if crops failed
- 1897 - Plague in poona
- Tilak supported govt
- But harsh methods of searching houses
- W.C.Rand plague commissioner was killed by chapekar bros
- Tilak arrested - 18 months
prison
- Shivaji's utterance in Kesari
- Speech justifying Shivaji killing Afzal Khan
- Overnight - lokmanya i.e respected and honoured by the people
- 1892 - Amended Sec124A and added Sec153A to make it criminal offence
- Newspaper(incitement to offences) act 1908
- Indian Press Act 1910 - revived VPA
- Tilak sent to Burma for 6 years
- Widespread protest so Lenin said entrance of working class on the political stage
- During
and after WW1
- Defence of India rules supressed political agitation
- Press Act 1908 and 1910 repealed after recommendation from Press committee chaired by Tej Bahadur Sapru
- Indian Press (Emergency
Powers) Act 1931
- To supress CDM
- During
WWII
- Defence of Indian rules - pre censorship introduced
- Publication of all news related to congress activity was declared illegal
- After
Independence
- Press Enquiry committee 1947
- Press objectionable matters act 1951
- Press commission under
justice Rajadhyaksha
- All India press council
- Banned crosswords
- Strict code for ads