- But Why TRADE ?!!
- Eu lived on salted & Peppered meat during winter months
- Little grass to feed the cattle
- Only liberal use of spices would make it palatable
- So the trade remained profitable in spite of Tolls & duties by every state and prob of pirates
- Trade with India & Indonesia was highly priced for W Eu to give it up easily
- The rich wealth of India & The shortage of Gold all over Eu attracted Europeans to India
- Hence search for new routes for India & Spice Is (Indonesia)
- Environment
was conducive
- Ship building
- Science of Navigation of 15th Cent
- Renaissance and the spirit of adventure
- Pioneers - Portugal & Spain
- 1492 - Columbus (Spain) - America instead of India
- 1498 - Vasco da Gama
(Portugal) - India
- Via Cape of good hope
- Calicut
- Goods from there sold for 60 times the voyage cost
- Environment
was conducive
- Triangular
Trade - profits
helped IR and west in general
- Sold finished good from Europe to Africa and buy slaves
- Sold slaves to plantation workers in America and brought plantation produce
- Exchanged them with plantation goods
- Monopoly Game
- Portugal
- Monopoly
of E trade for a Century coz
- Enjoyed control over high seas
- Soldiers maintained strict Discipline
- Didn't have to face the might of the Mughal empire
- Trading settlements - Cochin, Goa, Diu, Daman.
- Albuquerque - Captured Goa in 1510 - Domination of Asian trade - from Hormuz to Malacca to Spice Is (Indonesia)
- They were Dickheads coz
(People are so full of shit !!)
- Followed merchandise as chief occupation but like English & Dutch had no objection to plunder
- Pirates & Plunderers
- Forcible conversions i.e. Christianity or Sword
- Barbaric - inhuman cruelties & Lawlessness
- Monopoly
of E trade for a Century coz
- Breaking the Mpoly
- Dutch,England, french and Holland replaced them
- Dutch vs England(1654-1667)
- led to keeping of
- India, Srilanka , Malaya with England
- and Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Spice Is) with Dutch
- Portuguese gave goa as dowry to King Charles II and eventually lost Indian possession to Br. Except goa, Diu and Daman
- Portugal
- Royal Farman
- EIC under Captain Hawkins got Royal Farman from Jahangir to open factory in Surat in 1608
- In 1615 got Imperial Farman from _____ to open factory all over Mughal Empire by Thomas Roe
- THE GROWTH OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY TRADE AND INFLUENCE
- 1600-1714
- English Association in 1599 by Merchant Adventurers
- 1600 - Exclusive charter from Queen Elizabeth - 15 yrs - East of Cape of Good hope
- 1608 - Surat Factory
- 1611 - 1st southern factory Masulipatnam
- 1638 - Shifted Madras
- 1668 - Br bought Bombay island from EIC and fortified
- Factory
- Fortified
- Employees - Paid less
- But real income - Keen - Private trade within the country
- Anglo - French rivalry
- Br occupation of Bengal
- Bo Plassey 1757 - Political sway of Br
- Bengal
- Most fertile
- Richest of Ind Provinces
- Industry & Commerce well developed
- Warren Hastings (1772-85)
- Dark hour
for Br
- 1st Anglo
Maratha war (Draw)
- Maratha chiefs were united under Peshwa and his CM Nana Phadnis
- Maratha + Mysore + Hyderabad vs Br
- Same time Am colonies war 1776
- Treaty of Salbai 1782
- Result
- 20 yrs peace of Br with Maratha
- Hence Pr on Mys
- 1st Anglo
Maratha war (Draw)
- War with Hyder ali (2nd AM War)
- Hyder ali captured Carnatic
- Hastings
- bribed Nizam for Anti - br Alliance
- Peace with Maratha and freed his army for fight against Mysore
- Eyre Coot defeated Hyder @ Porto Novo
- Hyder died
- Tipu Continued
- Draw & Peace was signed 1784
- 3rd AM War 89-92
(Cornwallis)
- Tipu was most formidable rival from south
- Treaty of Seringapatam
- Ceded half his territories
- Dark hour
for Br
- Expansion under Wellesley
(1798-1805)
- Large scale expansion
- Time when Br vs Fr All over the world
- Mysore & Maratha had declined
- 3 methods for expansion
- Subsidiary alliance
- Outright war
- Assumption of territory of previous subordinate rulers
- Subsidiary Alliance
- Permanent stationing of Br Force
- Subsidy for its maintenance
- Form of tribute to the Company
- Sometimes ceded part of the territory instead of subsidy
- Br resident @ his court
- Not employ any European without his consent
- Cant negotiate with any other Indian ruler Without Govt consent
- In return
- Br defend the ruler
- Non interference in internal affairs
- The result
- Independence
- Self defense
- Diplomatic Rln
- Foreign experts
- Settling disputes with neighbors
- Internal decay
- Artificially bloated subsidy
- No incentive for good rulers
- Br could maintain large army at the cost of Indian rulers
- Trojan horse - Heart of the land - Powerful army
- Treaties
- Nizam of Hyderabad
- Nawab of Awadh
- Mysore
- Carnatic
- Tanjore
- Surat
- Tipu & Mysore
- Alliance with revolutionary France
- Missions to Afghanistan, Arabia, Turkey for Anti Br Alliance
- Divided bw nizam, br, rest restored to original rajas
- Expansion under Hastings
(1813-1822)
- 2nd Anglo-Maratha war (1803) had shattered Maratha power
- Last attempt - 1817
- United Maratha front
- Br succeeded
- Now on Maratha chiefs - Mercy of the Br
- 1818 - Whole of India - Br - Except Punjab and Sindh
- Consolidation of Br Power (1818-1857)
- Br
conquered whole of India from 1818 to 1857
- Sindh & Punjab was conquered
- Awadh, CP & Petty states was annexed
- Sindh
- Result of Anglo-Russian rivalry
- The fear of Russia attacking India through Afghanistan
- 1832 - Br trade was opened
- 1839 - Amirs - Subsidiary treaty with Br - Territorial integrity will be respected, it said
- 1943 - annexed - Charles Napier - "We have no right to seize Sind, yet we shall do, and a very advantageous useful humane piece of rascality it will be "
- Punjab Conquest
- Br
conquered whole of India from 1818 to 1857
- Dalhousie & Annexation (1848- 1856)
- Wanted to increase the area
- Believed that
- Br exports to Indian states were suffering coz of Maladministration
- Indian allies had served their purpose (Br conquest) and wanted to dispose them off
- Doctrine of lapse
- What is
it ?
- When the ruler of the protected state died without a natural hair (hehe !!), his state would not pass on to the adopted heir as sanctioned by age old tradition unless the adoption has been approved by the Br authorities
- States
- Satara - 1848
- Berar - 1853 - Cotton producing province
- Jhansi - 1854
- Nagpur - 1854
- Awadh - 1856
- Br allies since Bo Buxar
- Most obedient
- N had Had many Hairs
- So Wajid Ali Shah accused of Mis-governance & of refusing to introduce reforms
- Why Awadh
- Potential market for Manchester goods
- Titles (pensions were
stopped)
- Nawab of Carnatic
- N of Surat
- Raja of Tanjore
- Nana Saheb - Son of Peshwa Baji Rao 2
- What is
it ?