- The Situation
- On debris
of Mughal empire, other powers sprouted
- Bengal
- Awadh
- Hyderabad
- Maratha
- Mysore
- These were the powers Br overcame to gain supremacy in India
- 3 zones after Mughals.
- Succession states
- Autonomy by Governors of Mughal provinces
- Bengal, Awadh, Hyderabad
- Product of rebellions
- By Chieftains, Zamindars & Peasants
- Maratha, Afghan, Jat, Punjab
- Zone where the Mughal
influence hadn't penetrated
- SW, SE, NE zones
- Succession states
- Common features of these
states (18th Cent)
- States tried to legitimize their position by acknowledging supremacy of Mughals
- Succession states inherited functioning of Mughal administrative structures
- State rulers ensured L&O, viable economy and trade
- They didn't discriminate on religious grounds for appointments
- Nor did the rebels paid much attention to the religion of the rulers
- Remained as rent extracting state
- Zamindars & Jagirdars Fought over income from agriculture
- Didn't modernize industrial and commercial structure of the states
- On debris
of Mughal empire, other powers sprouted
- Hyderabad
& Carnatic
- Founder - Nizam ul mulk Asaf jah (1724)
- He was rewarded with viceroyalty of Deccan for his role in over-throwing Sayyid Bros
- He was tolerant - Puran Chand was his dewan
- He was a Wazir at Emperor Mohammed shahs office-1722-1724
- He went back to deccan since all this reformation attempt was squashed
- Carnatic Was a Mughal Subha
- Came under the control of Nizam of Hyderabad so nawab declared independence
- As such the deputy governor of Carnatic (Nawab) freed him self from Viceroy of Carnatic and made it hereditary
- thus the Nawab saadatullah Khan appointed his nephew dost Ali without approval of superior Nizam
- Hence after 1740, repeated struggles for Nawabship
- Gave opportunity for Eu TC to directly interfere in Indian Politics
- Bengal
- MQK Murshid quli Khan & AK alivardi Khan made Bengal independent
- MQK
- 1700 - Dewan but defacto ruler
- 1717 - governor of Bengal
- Though independent, sent huge tribute to Emperor
- Only 3 major uprisings
- After his death in 1727 his son in law Shuja-ud-din ruled Bengal till 1739 when he was killed by Alivardi khan & made himself Nawab
- Transferred large part of Jagir lands to Khalisah lands
- Intro new system of revenue farming
- Taccavi loans (Agri) for poor farmers
- He and his successors gave equal opportunity for Hindus and Muslims
- Revenue farmers - he preferred local zamindars and mahajans who were mainly Hindus
- AK
- Didn't permit Eng & Fr to fortify at Calcutta & Chandernagore
- All 3 nawabs
- Expanded trade as it
benefited people
- Encouraged merchants Indian and foreign
- Thanas and chowkies were estd for safety of roads from thieves
- Checked private trade by officials
- Prevented abuses in customs
- Strict control of foreign
trading companies
- Compelled EIC to pay the same custom duty & and obey the law of the land
- They failed to put down
EICs military tendency even though they had the capacity to do so
- They failed to see that they were the representation of the most aggressive expansionist colonialism of the time
- Due to ignorance and lack of contact with the rest of the world
- Neglected army
- E.g. MQK had only 2000 cavalry & 4000 infantry
- AK - Repeated invasion of
Marathas
- Siraj ud daulah - Successor of AK - So EIC defeated him in 1756-67 war
- Judicial
officials (Qazi and muftis) also took bribes
- Foreign companies took advantage of this to undermine rules and regulations
- Expanded trade as it
benefited people
- Awadh
- Founder - Sadat Khan Burhan ul mulk was Governor of Awadh 1722
- Succeeded by nephew Safdar Jung also wazir of empire in 1748 and Allahabad province Governor
- He secured Jat and maratha support in war against Rohelas and Bangash Pathans
- SK and SJ
- Equitable system of justice
- Maintained high std of personal morality
- Distinct Lucknow culture
- Coz of Prolonged prd of peace & Eco prosperity u/nawabs
- Imp centre for handicrafts
- Evaluation of the founders of
Hyderabad, Bengal & Awadh
- N-U-M, MQK & AK, SK & SJ
- Were men of high morality
- Led Austere & Simple life
- Only in their public and political dealings, they resorted to fraud & Treachery
- Mysore
- Had independence since Vijayanagar
- Had been only nominally part of the Mughals
- Nanjaraj & Devaraj had seized power and reduced chikka Krishna raja to a puppet
- Hyder Ali
- He rose in the Mysore army to high ranks
- Estd modern military troops with western military training at Dindigal in 1755 with help of French experts
- 1761 - overthrew nanjaraja
- Occupied Malabar to have access to Indian Ocean
- Introduced Mughal administrative & revenue system in his dominions
- He took over Mysore when it was weak and made it powerful
- Religious tolerance
- Died in 2nd Anglo Mysore war 1782 but repeatedly defeated Br in 1769
- Illiterate
- Constant war between marathas, nizam, br
- Tippu
- Change
- New calendar
- New system of coinage
- Scales of weights and measures
- Planted tree of Liberty & became part of Jacobin club / showed keen interest in French Revolution
- Made Poligars not hereditary
- Abolished Jagirs
- Military
- Armed with muskets & bayonets in European fashion yet made in Mysore
- Estd 2 dockyards to build a strong Navy in 1796
- When British occupied Mysore in1799 they were surprised to find peasants more prosperous than in British ruled Madras
- Developed industry
- Foreign trade and relations was strong - France,Turkey, Iran, Pegu myanmar and china
- Religious tolerant
- Financed Goddess Sarda in Sringeri temple
- Gifts to Ranganatha temple in Sri Ranga pattana
- Change
- Kerala
- Important states
- Calicut under Zamorin
- Cochin
- Chirakkal
- Travencore - Martanda Varma
- Martanda Varma - 1729
- Defeated Dutch
- Conqured Quilon and Elayadam
- Modern army with help of Europeans
- Irrigation works, canals and roads
- Promoted malayalam Literature - Successor Rama Varma was scholar, musician , poet ...etc
- Important states
- Around Delhi
- Rajput
- Jats
- Pathans
- Sikhs
- Founded - 15th Cent - Guru Nanak
- Spread to Jat peasantry & Lower classes of Punjab
- Guru Hargobind - Transformation - Militant fighting community
- Guru
Gobind -
- Constant fighting with Aurangzeb's army and hill rajas
- After A's death joined Bahadur shahs camp as noble of rank 5000 zat & 5000 sawar
- After his death Guruship ended
- Banda
Bahadur
- He rallies sikh peasants - Struggle against Mughals
- Captured & Killed in 1715
- Nadir shah
& Abdali Invasions & rise of Sikhs
- When Abdali withdrew, Sikhs filled the political vacuum
- Organised into 12 misls /
Confederacies
- Initially - Principle of equality
- All members - Equal voice - Affairs & Election of officers
- Democratic character disappeared & Powerful chiefs Dominated them
- Brotherhood & Unity of Khalsa disappeared
- Punjab
u/Ranjit singh
- Chief of Surkechakia Misl
- Brought all sikh chiefs west of sutlej u/his control
- Conquered Lahore, Amritsar, Kashmir, Peshawar, Multan
- Land revenue -
- Same system as u/ Mughals
- 50 % of gross produce
- Army
- Not confined to Sikhs
- Recruited Gurkhas Biharis Oriyas Parhans Dogras
- Modern foundries to mnfd Cannons
- 2nd best army in Asia after EIC
- Tolerant & Liberal in
religious matter
- Was known to step out from his throne to wipe the dust off the feet of Muslim mendicants with his long grey beard
- In no sense was it a Sikh state
- Diplomatic realism &
Military strength
- When Br forbade him to cross Sutlej, he kept quiet for he realized he was no match for the Br
- The rise
& fall of Maratha
- Some Glorification shit
- The most imp challenge to Mughals
- The most powerful of the succession states
- Alone possessed the strength to fill the political vacuum
- Had best commanders & Statesmen
- Criticism
- Lacked outlook for All India empire
- Lacked unity
- Their story
- Shahu
- Grandson of Shivaji
- Prisoner u/ Aurangzeb since 1689
- Released in 1707 after his death
- Civil war bw Shahu (Satara) vs Tarabhai (Kohlapur) in name of Shivaji II son of dead Raja Ram lead to
- New system of Govt - u/ Balaji Vishwanath - Peshwa of Shahu or mukh pradhan or chief minister
- Period of Peshwa domination
- Balaji Vishwanath
- Revenue official _ Rose step by step
- With his son Baji Rao I made Peshwa functional head
- Marathas were under Mughal suzerainty by paying yearly tribute and maintaining army in Deccan in return for Chauth and Sardeshmukhi
- Peshwa assigned greater part of chauth and sardeshmukhi to maratha sardars in return for armies - This was strength and weakness
- Baji Rao
- Fought war with Nizam of hyderabad, Mughals, Maratha sardars and Raja of Kohlpur.
- After baji rao died balaji baji Rao became peshwa and ruler after Shahu's death
- Since maraths fought with all powers, they didn't get allies when needed ,so they were defeated by Ahmed shah Abdali in Panipat
- Cream of their army lost in this war and made maraths weak
- Madhav Roa became peshwa in 1761 after balaji Baji Rao
- Madhava Roa
- Regained maratha glory by fighting back with nizam, haider ali, British
- But dead in 1772 due to TB
- Power struggle led to 1st Anglo Maratha war
- British pitted marathas against each other and resulted in 2nd and 3rd Maratha War
- Same weakness as Mughals lead Marathas fail in replacing Mughals
- Shahu
- Some Glorification shit
- Social and
Economic conditions of the people
- Education
- Traditional & Defective & out of touch with rapid developments of the West
- Confined to
- Literature, Law, Religion, Philosophy & Logic
- Excluded
- Physical & Natural Science
- Technology
- Geography
- Rational study of the society
- Original thought was discouraged
- Reliance placed on Ancient learning
- Higher Edu - All over country
- Financed by Nawabs, Rajas, Zamindars
- Hindus - Higher Edu - Sanskrit - Confined to Brahmins
- Persian - Official Lang - Popular both among Muslims & Hindus
- Elementary Edu
- Hindus - Town & Village Schools
- Muslims - Maulvis in Maktabs
- Reading, writing, Arithmetic
- Teachers - High Prestige
- Girls - Seldom sent to school
- Social
& Cultural Life
- Argi
- Backward & Stagnant
- Political
factors which hurt trade
- Nadir Shah - Delhi
- Ahmed Shah Abdali - Lahore, Delhi, Mathura
- Jats - Agra
- Surat + Deccan - Marathas
- Sarhind - Sikhs
- Emergence
of new cities
- Faizabad
- Lucknow
- Varanasi
- Patna
- Trade
- Mnfd in large scale
- Cotton
- Silk Fabrics
- Sugar
- Jute
- Dye - Stuff
- Minerals
- Metallic Products ( Saltpetre, Arms, Metalware)
- Oils
- Important centres
- Dacca & Murshidabad (Bengal)
- Patna
- Surat, Ahmedabad, Broach (Gujarat)
- Chanderi (MP)
- Burhanpur (MH)
- Jaunpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Agra (UP)
- Multan & Lahore (Pun)
- Masulipatnam, Aurangabad, Chicacole, Vishakapatnam (AP)
- Bangalore
- Coimbatore & Madurai
- WOOL - Kashmir
- SHIP BUILDING - MH, AP, Bengal
- Mnfd in large scale
- Divided by Religion,
region, tribe, language, caste
- Stagnation & Dependence on Past
- No uniformity in culture
- Caste
- Extremely Rigid
- was the central life of social life of the Hindus
- Inter Caste Marriages - Forbidden
- Inter Dining Restriction
- Determined Choice of profession
- Caste councils / Panchayats / Caste Chiefs - Enforced rules through Fines, penances & Expulsion from caste
- Major divisive & Dis integrative force of 18th century
- Muslims
- Sunni & Shia
- Irani, Afghani, Turani, Hindustani Muslims
- Sharif looked down on Ailaf Muslims as Lower Caste Muslims
- Women
- Patriarchal except KL Nairs (Matrilineal)
- Respect & Honor ( A hindu women could go anywhere alone without fear)
- Women no individuality except few like Ahilya Bhai - Administered Indore
- Pudrah - N Ind -high class
- Boys & Girls - No mingling but child marriage prevalent
- Sati
- Rajputana (Rajas, upper castes), Bengal & Parts of N India
- In south uncommon and Marathas didn't encourage it
- Condition of the widows
- Culture
- Exhaustion
- Continuity was maintained
- Local traditions evolved
- Traditionalist
- Mughal Archi &
Painting
- Declined
- Migrated to provincial courts - Hyderabad, Lucknow, Kashmir, Patna
- Kangra & Rajputana
- Imambara of Lucknow
- Jaipur Buildings
- Poetry
- Lost touch with life
- Became decorative, traditional, mechanical, artificial
- Literature
- Urdu
- Upper Class - N India
- Mirza Ghalib, Mir, Sauda, Nazir
- Malayalam
- Patronage of Travancore rulers Marthanda verma & Rama Varma
- Kathakali literature, Drama, Dance
- Tamil - Tayaumanavar (Sittar poetry)
- Assam - Ahom Kings
- Punjabi - Romantic epic Heer Ranjha composed by warris Shah
- Sindhi - Shah Abdul Latif composed Risalo, Sachal an Sami are other poets
- Urdu
- Main
weakness
- West
- Science & tech Rev for 200 yrs
- Inventions & Discoveries
- India
- Neglected science
- Tied to tradition
- Nobles & Common people - Superstition
- 18th Cent rulers
- Content with ideological apparatus of Mughals except Tipu
- Only interested in weapons of war & Techniques of military training
- West
- Friendly
Rln bw Hindus & Muslims
- Brothers among brothers
- Politics secular
- Fights & Alliances were seldom based on religion
- Culture
- Composite Hindu-Muslim culture
- Hindus wrote in Persian
- Muslims wrote in Hindi, Bengali & other vernaculars
- Urdu Lang - meeting ground for Hindus & Muslims
- Religious Sphere
- Bhakti mvmt
- Sufism
- Cults & shrines - Both Hindu & Muslim followers
- Rulers - Festivals - Both Muharram, Diwali, Holi
- Eg
- Tipu - Fin Grant to Sringeri
- Marathas - shrine of Shaikh Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer
- Raja of Tanjore - Shrine of Shaikh Shahul Hamid of Nagore
- Religious affiliations was not the main point of departure rather it was( upper class & lower class) &( village & Town dwellers)
- Argi
- Education