Mughal Administration - BureaucratONE

Nature of Mughal Administration
Features of Mughal Administration
Legacy of Mughal administration in
- Revenue administration
- Judicial administration
- Provincial administration
- Personnel administration
Structure of Mughal Administration
- Mansabdari System or Military Administration
- Revenue Administration
- B'y - Central, Provincial, Sub-provincial, Village Administration

Nature of Mughal administration

Foreign Origin
- Mansabdar system from central Asia(Uzbeks)
Militaristic in nature
- Mansabdar system - dual role
  - Civilian Officer
  - Military Officer
Centralised despot
- King is ultimate
- Waqaya Nafis - Spies
Kagazi Raj or Paper Administration
- Written orders & record Keeping
- Written communication
- Furmons & Royal Orders
Strong blend of religion & Politics
- Sharia Law
- Jizya on non-muslims
- Admin posts reserved to Muslims
- Loyalty to Kalifa
- Exception - Akbar
  - Introduced Mansabdari System
  - Overhauled revenue administration on scientific lines like taxation based on fertility like Sher Shah suri
  - Din-i-ilahi - his own religion
  - Liberated from Ulema or Muslim clerics, interpretor's of shariath
  - Secular
  - Admin posts based on merit - Raja Thodarmal
Overemphasis on Revenue and Police
Less emphasis on education, health & S&T
Enterprising nature
- Public corporation
- Karkhanas
Villages & Small towns
- parochial self-government
- Reasonable local autonomy & political freedom

Mansab means position or office or rank
Mansabdar had dual duties
- Civil - peace
- Military - war
Dual Rank Classification of mansab
- Zat = Rank
- Sawar = Cavalry Rank (No of horseman to be maintained)
Many grades of Ranks
- < 500 Rank = Mansabdar
- 500 - 2500 Rank = Amirs
- > 2500 Rank = Amir-i-umda, Amir-i-azam, Omrahs
Based on pay
- Assignment of Jagirs - Jagirdars
- paid in cash - naqdi
Appointment, transfer and promotion by King based on merit
Law or Doctrine of Escheat - Mansabdari not hereditary
- After death - Property or Jagir confiscated
Lacked uniformity in soldiers
- Effectiveness of army depended on Mansabdar

Personnel & structure of Revenue Admin
1. Diwan - Head in Subha or province
2. Amalgulzar - Sarkar Level or sub-provincial level
3. Amil, Quanungo & Fotahddhar - Pargana Level
4. Patwari - Village or Mawdah Level
Had an elaborate revenue administration or tax collection system without any emphasis for health care, civil amenities

Emperor - Fountain head of justice
Chief Qazi - Judicial Head - Civil & Criminal
Sadr-i-sudur - Civil case of religious character
Judicial Functionaries
- Mufti - Interpreted the law
- Qzai - Investigation
- Miradi - Delivers Judgement
Features
- Sharia Law
- Civil law depends on religion
- Criminal Law Uniform

Sultan or King
Wakil - Imp post held by Biram Khan - later abolished
Diwan = Like PM + FM = Also a Mansabdar
- Link b/w king and rest of B'y
- Stayed at capital
- Controlled provicial Diwan
Qazi - Judge
Mir Bakshi - Army pay master

Empire divided into Subha
Headed by Subadhar & Diwan
- Subadhar or Nazim or Nizam(later)- L & O & Highest Court of Appeal in Subha
- Diwan - Revenue Admin
Provincial Bakshi
- Appointed by King
- On Mir Bakshi's advice
- Responsible for maintenance of Mansabdars and pay of soldiers

Sarkar divide into Paragana or Tehsil
Departments
- Governance & L & O - Shiqdhar
- Revenue officials - Amin Quanungo (Record Keeper) & Fotahddhar

Provincial Administration - DOP & Federalism
Revenue Administration - Patwari even now
Benevolent Despot, yet backward in outlook
Village Autonomy
Merit System
Codification and Compilation of records
- Pioneer in Administration
- Imp of Written communication - Modern B'y