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Pakistan

October 16, 2020 by Bhushan Leave a Comment Last Updated October 21, 2020

India-Pakistan 

  • Border disputes 
    • Indian independence act 
      • Under the act, two boundary commissions were setup to demarcate the boundary of Punjab and Bengal region 
      • Two areas were left out: J&K and Sir Creek 
      • Total Border length: 3323 Kms 
        • International border: 2260 Kms 
        • LOC: 814 Kms (disputed) 
          • NJ9842 
          • No demarcation after this: Siachen and Trans-Karakoram range
  • India has half of J&K, Siachen and Ladakh 
  • Pak has Gilgit and Baltistan 
  • China has AKSAI chin 
  • Kashmir 
    • History 
      • Kashmir didn't join either side 
      • Attack by Pak in 1948 -> Maharaja comes to India for help -> Mountbatten to Maharaja: Sign the instrument of accession -> matter goes to UNSC -> UNSC Resolution 47 -> Mandates the formation of UN commission on India and Pak -> Demands withdrawal of armies for plebiscite 
      • India's stand 
        • Kashmir is integral part of 
        • Plebiscite only after removal of army by Pakistan 
        • Constituent assembly of Kashmir ratified instrument of accession 
        • India values Secularism 
  • Wars until surgical strike 
    • 1965 war: 
      • India's defeat in 1962 Indo-Sino war -> Pak undermines India's military position 
      • Domestic discontent in Kashmir 
      • Phase 1: Pakistan Attacks in Rann of Kutch area 
      • Phase 2: Pak attacks in Kashmir area 
      • USA and UK criticizes both countries and stops food supplies 
      • China calls India as aggressive and supports Pakistan 
      • USSR discourages China and tries mediating and this led to Tashkent agreement (singed between Ayyub Khan and Shastri) 
      • Provision of Tashkent treaty 
        • Withdrawal of troops by both the countries 
        • India was asked to return the occupied territories (Haji Pir pass was occupied by India) 
      • Criticism of treaty 
        • India failed to resolve Kashmir issue 
        • UN charter provides for using force for self-defense which is often misused by Pakistan 
      • Why did shastri sing the treaty? 
        • Pressure from USSR to stop defense equipment 
        • Assurances of good behavior by Pak 
        • Neighbor relations as per UN charter 
  • 1971 war 
    • Secularism, political-nation 
    • Military power 
    • India's role as a regional leader 
    • Support of USSR 
    • Shimla agreement, 1972 
      • Signed between Indira Gandhi and Ali Bhutto 
      • Withdrawal of troops 
      • Return of prisoners of wars 
      • Following UN charter for maintaining international peace and security 
      • Principles of Panchsheel and NAM to be followed 
      • Dispute between India and Pak will be solved bilaterally or by any other mean to which both have to agree. 
      • It provided for cooperation in many areas 

Criticism 

Economic and commercial cooperation Communication and transportation Technology and cultural links 

Institutional arrangement to provide for more meetings 

  • Boundary was not demarcated 
  • Kashmir issue was not solved 
  • Starting of proxy wars 
  • Post 1971 
    • Issue of Proxy war and nuclear development 
     
  • 1990 
    • Geo-economics 
    • Principles of functionalism 
    • Gujaral doctrine,  
  • 1998 Nuclear test 
    • Bus diplomacy  
  • 1999, Kargil war 
    • 2001, Agra summit 
      • Two-day historic summit to resolve long standing issues between India and Pakistan 
    • 2004, Islamabad summit 
      • 6+2 composite dialogue mechanism (CDM) 
      • 6 area of cooperation 
      ◊ Sir creek issue ◊ Siachen glacier ◊ Tulbul Navigation project ◊ Terrorism and drug trafficking ◊ Economic and commercial links ◊ Cultural diplomacy 
      • Areas left out 
      ◊ Kashmir and nuclear issue  
  • 26/11 attack, collapse of CDM  
  • 2016, Uri Attack 
  • Surgical strike 
    • It's a precision strike with minimum collateral damage 
    • It is part of India's 'Cold start doctrine' 
      • Limited warfare doctrine 
      • It requires multiple levels of coordination with intelligence wing  
  • Soft border concept by M Singh 
    • Regulated security environment with provision for trade 
  • Sir Creek issue 
    • Q/ Geographical importance of Sir creek? 
    • Tidal estuary on the border 
    • Marshy area 
    • Demarcated by Sir creek in 1914 between Sindh and Kutch -> Green line 
    • Part of Composite dialogue mechanism  
  • India's position 
    • India doesn't accept the green line 
    • Follows Thalweg principle under UNCLOS (territories should be demarcated mid-way [red line]) 
  • Importance of area 
    • Strategic 
    • Economic (rich in oil and gas) 
  • Why should it be solved? 
    • Humanitarian basis (fishermen community is affected because of conflict) 
    • Economic resources are left unexploited 
    • Infiltration needs to be checked 

Siachen glacier 

  • Located beyond NJ9841 
  • Flows in the valley formed by Saltoro bridge in west and Karakoram range in east 
  • Highest battle ground in the world 
  • Strategic but too expensive to maintain army 
  • Issuance of Visa by Pak to Chinese expedition in 1984 
  • 1984, Operation Meghdoot by India to capture Siachen Glacier 
  • Part of CDM 
  • Recommendation/solution: Convert into 'mountain of peace' for joint scientific exploration and expedition 
  • Water dispute 
    • Indus water treaty 
      • Ad-hoc arrangement were made 
      • World Bank mediated in 1951 and treaty was signed in 1969  
  • Provisions 
    • Western rivers Indus, Chenab and Jhelum (ICJ) given to Pak 
    • Eastern rivers Sutlej, Beas, Ravi to India 
    • Mandatory sharing of hydrological data 
    • India can initiate projects related to irrigation and power on the western rivers but if Pak objects, it has to solve disputes either bilaterally or mediation or arbitration 
    • Establishment of permanent Indus commission (PIC) 
    • Obligatory meeting of the members of PIC at least once in a year 
    • World Bank, when gives grants and loans with respect to implementation of projects, the responsibility of making the treaty as success, lies with India 
  • Pakistan's obstructionist attitude and recent conflicts 
    • Tulbul Navigation project 
      • On Jhelum 
      • When opposed by Pak, India disbanded the project in 1985 
    • Kishan Ganga dam 
      • On Jhelum 
      • Affects the Neelam Dam of Pak 
    • Pakal dul project 
  • India's stand after Uri Attack 
    • There will be no revision to Indus water treaty 
    • Maximum utilization of western rivers 
    • 20% of water to be reserved for J&K farmers 
    • No meetings of PIC 
    • Restarting Tulbul Navigation project 
    • Completion of these project 
  • Implications/ consequences 
    • Upper riparian should be responsible power 
    • China may do the same action to India 
    • Will increase tension between both countries 
    • Water conflicts may have implication on other areas of cooperation 
    • Pak govt may utilize it as a platform to fuel anti-India feeling 
    • India's big brotherly image 
    • Disrespect for international treaty 
  • Solutions 
    • There is a need to have state of art of technology like satellite based telemetry system to assists water levels 
    • There should be an independent Indus water commission consisting of neutral experts from countries outside south Asia 
    • Replenishment and environmental assessment 
      • India and Pak should undertake joint water shed management 
      • Environment impact assessment under an international institution 
      • Preservation of glaciers specifically Siachen to be converted into mountain of peace. 
  • Ethnic conflicts 
  • Ethnics in Baluchistan 
  • Geographically isolated 
  • Discrimination -> II class treatment to Baluch citizens and their less political representation 
  • No economic development 
  • Opportunities are taken up by Punjabis 
  • Unified Baluchistan army, 1960 
  • People's party in 1970: Responsible for building Baluch nationalism 
  • Pak stands: 
    • Suppression of Baluch people 
    • Encouraged migration of Afghan Pashtuns to change the demography of Baluchistan 
  • India is accused of interreference in Baluch province 
  • Issue of CPEC 
  • 3000 Kms connectivity between Kashgar to Gwadar port 
  • Passes through POK 
  • Road + rail + pipelines + optics fibers 
  • $ 46B 
  • Overall 3 corridors 
    • western 
    • Central 
    • Eastern 
  • China's interest 
    • Direct access to Indian ocean 
    • Shortest route and economic benefits 
    • Gateway to china for central and west Asia 
    • It is conduit to Africa where China is actively involved and will facilitate easy movement of Chinese workers 
    • Development of Xinjian province and curtailing ethnic conflict 
  • Pak interest 
    • Economic development 
    • Huge Power deficit in Pak will be filled by CPEC 
    • Gwadar upgradation project will have Gwadar airport linking with interiors of Pak and facilitating its development 
  • India's concern 
    • Sovereignty issue 
    • China's presence 
    • Infiltration 
  • If India Joins? 
    • Indian can facilitate development of region 
    • Monitor the presence of China and external non-state actor□ 
  • Issues 
    • Problem of ethnic conflict  
    • Extremism / terrorism  
    • Debt trap 

Filed Under: UPSC

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