India-Pakistan
- Border disputes
- Indian independence act
- Under the act, two boundary commissions were setup to demarcate the boundary of Punjab and Bengal region
- Two areas were left out: J&K and Sir Creek
- Total Border length: 3323 Kms
- International border: 2260 Kms
- LOC: 814 Kms (disputed)
- NJ9842
- No demarcation after this: Siachen and Trans-Karakoram range
- Indian independence act
- India has half of J&K, Siachen and Ladakh
- Pak has Gilgit and Baltistan
- China has AKSAI chin
- Kashmir
- History
- Kashmir didn't join either side
- Attack by Pak in 1948 -> Maharaja comes to India for help -> Mountbatten to Maharaja: Sign the instrument of accession -> matter goes to UNSC -> UNSC Resolution 47 -> Mandates the formation of UN commission on India and Pak -> Demands withdrawal of armies for plebiscite
- India's stand
- Kashmir is integral part of
- Plebiscite only after removal of army by Pakistan
- Constituent assembly of Kashmir ratified instrument of accession
- India values Secularism
- History
- Wars until surgical strike
- 1965 war:
- India's defeat in 1962 Indo-Sino war -> Pak undermines India's military position
- Domestic discontent in Kashmir
- Phase 1: Pakistan Attacks in Rann of Kutch area
- Phase 2: Pak attacks in Kashmir area
- USA and UK criticizes both countries and stops food supplies
- China calls India as aggressive and supports Pakistan
- USSR discourages China and tries mediating and this led to Tashkent agreement (singed between Ayyub Khan and Shastri)
- Provision of Tashkent treaty
- Withdrawal of troops by both the countries
- India was asked to return the occupied territories (Haji Pir pass was occupied by India)
- Criticism of treaty
- India failed to resolve Kashmir issue
- UN charter provides for using force for self-defense which is often misused by Pakistan
- Why did shastri sing the treaty?
- Pressure from USSR to stop defense equipment
- Assurances of good behavior by Pak
- Neighbor relations as per UN charter
- 1965 war:
- 1971 war
- Secularism, political-nation
- Military power
- India's role as a regional leader
- Support of USSR
- Shimla agreement, 1972
- Signed between Indira Gandhi and Ali Bhutto
- Withdrawal of troops
- Return of prisoners of wars
- Following UN charter for maintaining international peace and security
- Principles of Panchsheel and NAM to be followed
- Dispute between India and Pak will be solved bilaterally or by any other mean to which both have to agree.
- It provided for cooperation in many areas
Criticism
Economic and commercial cooperation Communication and transportation Technology and cultural links
Institutional arrangement to provide for more meetings
- Boundary was not demarcated
- Kashmir issue was not solved
- Starting of proxy wars
- Post 1971
- Issue of Proxy war and nuclear development
- 1990
- Geo-economics
- Principles of functionalism
- Gujaral doctrine,
- 1998 Nuclear test
- Bus diplomacy
- 1999, Kargil war
- 2001, Agra summit
- Two-day historic summit to resolve long standing issues between India and Pakistan
- 2004, Islamabad summit
- 6+2 composite dialogue mechanism (CDM)
- 6 area of cooperation
- Areas left out
- 2001, Agra summit
- 26/11 attack, collapse of CDM
- 2016, Uri Attack
- Surgical strike
- It's a precision strike with minimum collateral damage
- It is part of India's 'Cold start doctrine'
- Limited warfare doctrine
- It requires multiple levels of coordination with intelligence wing
- Soft border concept by M Singh
- Regulated security environment with provision for trade
- Sir Creek issue
- Q/ Geographical importance of Sir creek?
- Tidal estuary on the border
- Marshy area
- Demarcated by Sir creek in 1914 between Sindh and Kutch -> Green line
- Part of Composite dialogue mechanism
- India's position
- India doesn't accept the green line
- Follows Thalweg principle under UNCLOS (territories should be demarcated mid-way [red line])
- Importance of area
- Strategic
- Economic (rich in oil and gas)
- Why should it be solved?
- Humanitarian basis (fishermen community is affected because of conflict)
- Economic resources are left unexploited
- Infiltration needs to be checked
Siachen glacier
- Located beyond NJ9841
- Flows in the valley formed by Saltoro bridge in west and Karakoram range in east
- Highest battle ground in the world
- Strategic but too expensive to maintain army
- Issuance of Visa by Pak to Chinese expedition in 1984
- 1984, Operation Meghdoot by India to capture Siachen Glacier
- Part of CDM
- Recommendation/solution: Convert into 'mountain of peace' for joint scientific exploration and expedition
- Water dispute
- Indus water treaty
- Ad-hoc arrangement were made
- World Bank mediated in 1951 and treaty was signed in 1969
- Indus water treaty
- Provisions
- Western rivers Indus, Chenab and Jhelum (ICJ) given to Pak
- Eastern rivers Sutlej, Beas, Ravi to India
- Mandatory sharing of hydrological data
- India can initiate projects related to irrigation and power on the western rivers but if Pak objects, it has to solve disputes either bilaterally or mediation or arbitration
- Establishment of permanent Indus commission (PIC)
- Obligatory meeting of the members of PIC at least once in a year
- World Bank, when gives grants and loans with respect to implementation of projects, the responsibility of making the treaty as success, lies with India
- Pakistan's obstructionist attitude and recent conflicts
- Tulbul Navigation project
- On Jhelum
- When opposed by Pak, India disbanded the project in 1985
- Kishan Ganga dam
- On Jhelum
- Affects the Neelam Dam of Pak
- Pakal dul project
- Tulbul Navigation project
- India's stand after Uri Attack
- There will be no revision to Indus water treaty
- Maximum utilization of western rivers
- 20% of water to be reserved for J&K farmers
- No meetings of PIC
- Restarting Tulbul Navigation project
- Completion of these project
- Implications/ consequences
- Upper riparian should be responsible power
- China may do the same action to India
- Will increase tension between both countries
- Water conflicts may have implication on other areas of cooperation
- Pak govt may utilize it as a platform to fuel anti-India feeling
- India's big brotherly image
- Disrespect for international treaty
- Solutions
- There is a need to have state of art of technology like satellite based telemetry system to assists water levels
- There should be an independent Indus water commission consisting of neutral experts from countries outside south Asia
- Replenishment and environmental assessment
- India and Pak should undertake joint water shed management
- Environment impact assessment under an international institution
- Preservation of glaciers specifically Siachen to be converted into mountain of peace.
- Ethnic conflicts
- Ethnics in Baluchistan
- Geographically isolated
- Discrimination -> II class treatment to Baluch citizens and their less political representation
- No economic development
- Opportunities are taken up by Punjabis
- Unified Baluchistan army, 1960
- People's party in 1970: Responsible for building Baluch nationalism
- Pak stands:
- Suppression of Baluch people
- Encouraged migration of Afghan Pashtuns to change the demography of Baluchistan
- India is accused of interreference in Baluch province
- Issue of CPEC
- 3000 Kms connectivity between Kashgar to Gwadar port
- Passes through POK
- Road + rail + pipelines + optics fibers
- $ 46B
- Overall 3 corridors
- western
- Central
- Eastern
- China's interest
- Direct access to Indian ocean
- Shortest route and economic benefits
- Gateway to china for central and west Asia
- It is conduit to Africa where China is actively involved and will facilitate easy movement of Chinese workers
- Development of Xinjian province and curtailing ethnic conflict
- Pak interest
- Economic development
- Huge Power deficit in Pak will be filled by CPEC
- Gwadar upgradation project will have Gwadar airport linking with interiors of Pak and facilitating its development
- India's concern
- Sovereignty issue
- China's presence
- Infiltration
- If India Joins?
- Indian can facilitate development of region
- Monitor the presence of China and external non-state actor□
- Issues
- Problem of ethnic conflict
- Extremism / terrorism
- Debt trap