Policy for South-East Asia
- History (Prior to independence)
- Trade and culture link of Hinduism and Buddhism
- India supported the decolonization process (Specific to Indonesia)
- Q/ Role of India in the process of decolonization in Southeast Asia
- Migration
- Diaspora link
- Pre cold war situation
- NAM
- Pro USSR (1971 friendship treaty)
- Closed economy
- Cold war
- SEATO
- Pro USSR (Vietnam war)
- Open economy (export)
- Post-cold war
- Impact of neo-liberalism (globalization)
- Indian economy was dependent on USSR -> After USSR collapse -> look at east
- Q/ Is look east policy product of globalization?
- Q/ Is look east policy realistic? (threat of rising China)
- Q/ Is look east policy based on idea of pluralism ? -> Diversifying foreign policy
- LPG reform -> Open economy -> Opportunity for south east ASEAN countries
- Look east policy 1
- Proposed by Narsimha Rao
- Components
- Specific focus on South East ASEAN countries
- Specific focus on Economic
- Look east policy 2
- Components
- Entire East Asia
- North East as a major component
- Economic + Security, strategic focus
- Components
- Act east policy
- By NAMO
- 3Cs = Cultural + Commercial + Connectivity
- Initiatives
- Invited as guest on 2018 republic day parade
- Reduction in tariffs under APTA (Asia-Pacific trade agreement)
- Strategic partnership with Singapore 2015
- Upgrading strategic partnership with Vietnam and Malaysia
- Special strategic partnership singed with South Korea in 2015
- Indo- ASEAN commemorative summit
- Initiatives under connectivity
- Renewed BIMSTEC
- Formation of QUAD
- INDO-Pacific vision statement 2018
- India as part of Asia Pivot and Indo-Pacific vision statement by US
- India and east ASEAN organizations
- Indo-ASEAN
- General details
- In 1992, India became sectoral dialogue partner of ASEAN (only concerned with those issues with affect India)
- 1995, Full dialogue partner
- 1996, ARF (ASEAN Regional forum)
- 2002, Summit level partner
- 2003, Treaty of amity and cooperation
- 2003, India signed a cooperation agreement on counter-terrorism
- 2009, FTA in goods
- 2014, FTA in services (sign but not ratified)
- 2018, Commemorative summit
- General details
- Indo-ASEAN
- Economic
- FTAs
- Idea began in 2003 @ BALI (framework agreement was signed)
- 2009, Bangkok
- 2010, Ratified and implemented
- Reduction in tariffs on major trading goods
- Criticism ◊ SE ASEAN countries are more capable to getting market access rather than India as they are more export driven and India relies on domestic consumption ◊ After 2002, there has been trade deficit between India and ASEAN ◊ Plantation goods, Marine products and dairy sector will be harmed because of flooding of goods
- Solutions ◊ FTA in services (signed in 2014 but not ratified by Indonesia and Singapore)
- Blue economy
- Ocean based green economy which involves economic advantages and ecological preservation
- Based on the concept of sustainable development
- Spatial planning ◊ Public process of analyzing and allocating human activities temporality and spatially
- Components ◊ Open and inclusive seas ◊ Infrastructure related activities ◊ Interconnectivity among countries ◊ Sustainable use of marine resources ◊ Waste to energy projects (usage of coastal debris to produce energy) ◊ Mineral exploration ◊ Coastal development
- Initiatives taken ◊ Maritime vision 2020 ◊ SAGAR ◊ SAGAR MALA ◊ Project spice route ◊ Project Mausam ◊ National action mission on coastal management ◊ Project by MOEF: 'Large marine ecosystem project in Bay of Bengal' ◊ Recent Maritime summit @ Mumbai
- RCEP
- FTAs
- Security relation
- Terrorism
- Organized crimes
- 2006, member of ARF
- 2003, COUNTER terrorism initiatives
- Quad
- India as a regional player as part of Indo-Pacific vision statement and Asia Pivot
- Naval exercise (Malabar)
- Q/ Convergence of interest is more on the field of security and not on economy.
- Culture:
- Buddhism,
- Hinduism,
- Diaspora,
- culture as a major component under Act east, project Mausam
- center for BOB studies in Nalanda University
- Concerns
- Economic vs security debates
- India-BIMSTEC
- India-MGC
- MGC
- Counter china influence
- Hydro electric energy
- MGC
- India- APEC
- India Specific countries
- Template of answers
- Collect points of convergence and points of conflict
- Diaspora
- Indonesia
- Thailand
- Vietnam
- Singapore
- Malaysia
- Philippines
- Japan
- Australia
- South Korea
- Reasons for cooperation
- South Korea which was excessively dependent on US is now exploring other options
- Rising Chinese hegemony specifically its action in South China sea and the influence it holds on North Korea
- Doklam issue raised the stature of India
- Act east and S Korea's new southern policy both complementary ◊ Based on peace, prosperity and people
- Recent Initiative
- 2015, strategic partnership was signed
- 2015, PMO established Korean plus Desk to facilitate trade
- 2018, Head of state of SK visited India and 11 MOUs were signed ◊ Strategic cooperation (tri-lateral agreements: to cooperate in third countries [e.g. Afghanistan]) ◊ Early harvest scheme
- Concerns
- Korea complains of difficulty in doing business in India
- Trade deficit against India
- No people to people contact and tourism potential has not been harnessed
- Reasons for cooperation
- Template of answers
Broder dimension in South East Asia
- South China sea conflict
- 35M SQ Km
- Take of China
- Claiming certain areas of South China sea as part of 9 Dashed line
- 9 Dashed line is a virtual line under UNCLOS which segregates certain territories of South China sea as part of China
- Importance of south China sea
- Mineral resources
- Trade routes
- China following passive activities
- Fishing
- Building artificial land
- Countries involved
- Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, Brunei
- China doesn't want to internationalize the issue
- Philippines appealed @ICJ
- US intervention
- India's role and Indo-Pacific vision statement 2018 by India
- Open and inclusive seas wherein every country is given its due
- South east Asia is central to Indo-Pacific and ASEAN is central to its working
- Multilateralism should be respected. It should be a fine balance between national sovereignty and rule based world order
- Equal access to resource for all countries
- Protectionist policies should be avoided. In the context of RCEP for both goods and services in equal measure
- Establishing connectivity is of significant importance
- Ocean should be places of competition and not conflict
North east and Look east policy
- Neoliberal vs Communitarian principle
- Issues
- Land acquisition issues with respect to infrastructure development
- Extraction of the resource owned by the community
- Inner line permit: facing the issue of consolidation
- Labor mobility -> ethnic clashes, skewing the matrilineal society
- Growth of the sex market surrounding infrastructure project
- Unskilled youth in NE when denied employment opportunities -> Rise of thugs of Hindostan
- Solution
- Tribal Panchsheel model should be inculcated