The Nationalist Movement: 1905 – 1918

Militant nationalism / extremism
1. Got expression during Partition of Bengal 1905 struggle
2. Why/ how
  1. political training - educated Indians
  2. Nationalist Demands - not accepted, disillusionment
  3. Needed vigorous political action other than
    1. Meetings
    2. Petitions
    3. Memorials
    4. Speeches
True nature of the British rule - Exposed
1. Moderate nationalist belief
  1. British rule can be reformed from within (Had belief)
2. But Nationalist writers
  1. British rule was to exploit India economically
  2. Enrich England at the cost of India
  3. Progress economically possible only when Imperilsm was replaced by government by Indian people
  4. Indian Industries - flourish only under Indian government
3. Evil economic consequence of foreign government
  1. Famines 1896 to 1900 - 90 lakh people died
4. Political events 1892 to 1905
  1. Indian councils act 1892
  2. 1898 law
    1. Offense to excite feelings of disaffection towards foreign government
  3. 1899
    1. Indian members in the Calcutta Corporation was reduced
  4. 1904 official secrets act - restrict freedom of press
  5. 1897 -
    1. Natu Brothers - deported without being tried
    2. Tilak and other newspaper editors - long terms of imprisonment for arousing people
  6. Anti-Congress attitude of Lord Curzon
5. Social and cultural
  1. Primary and technical education no progress
  2. Higher education
    1. Officials were becoming suspicious and discouraged it's spread
    2. Indian University act 1904 - tighter control of Univ
Growth of self-respect and self confidence
1. Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra pal
  1. Preached self-respect
  2. Asked nationalists to rely on the capacity of masses
2. Vivek Ananda also - self-respect - weakness is sin
Growth of education and unemployment
1. 19th-century educated Indians increased rapidly
2. Some low salaries in administrative work
3. Others unemployment
4. Influence of Western Ideas
  1. Democracy
  2. Nationalism
  3. Radicalism
5. Educated Indians - followers of militant nationalism coz
  1. Low paid or unemployed
  2. Educated in World history modern thought and politics
International influences
1. Japan
  1. Rise of modern Japan after 1868
    1. Asian country could develop itself without western control
    2. Became first rate industrial and military power
    3. Introduced universal primary education
    4. Efficient modern Administration
2. Ethiopia
  1. Italian defeat by Ethiopians in 1896
3. Japan
  1. Russian defeat by Japan in 1905
4. Revolutionary movements
  1. Ireland Russia Egypt Turkey China
5. South Africa
  1. Boer wars
6. Moral of the story
  1. The spirit of patriotism and self-sacrifice could challenge even the most powerful of despotic governments
Militant nationalist school of thought
1. Had existed from the beginning of Nationalist movement
2. Represented by
  1. Bengal - Raj Narain Bose & Ashwin Kumar Dutt
  2. Maharashtra -
    1. vishnu Shastri chiplunkar
    2. Lokamanya Bala Gangadhar Tilak
      1. Co Founder
        New English School 1880s - became Fergusson College
        Mahratta English newspaper
        Kesari Marathi newspaper
      2. 1893 traditional Ganapathy festival
      3. Shivaji festival
      4. No tax campaign in MH 1896-97
      5. Failed crops - withholdment of land Revenue
      6. 1897 - arrested for spreading. Hatred and disaffection
        Symbol - new national spirit of self-sacrifice
3. Favourable climate
4. Second stage of national movement
5. Leaders
  1. Lal Bal Pal
    1. Bala Ganga Dara Tilak
    2. Bipin Chandra pal
    3. Lala Lajpat Rai
  2. Aurobindo Ghosh
6. Believed that
  1. Indians themselves should work
  2. Great sacrifices and sufferings are needed
  3. Denied progress is possible under British
  4. Masses
    1. Faith in strength of masses
    2. Direct political action by masses
Trained leadership - was available by 1905 to guide political agitations
Partition of Bengal
1. 1905 - partition of Bengal announced - Lord Curzon - militant nationalism emerged - national movement entered second stage
2. Lord Curzon Order - Bengal into two parts (Doubt in Muslim majority Areas)
  1. East Bengal and Assam
    1. 31 million
  2. The rest of Bengal
    1. 54 million
      1. 18 million Bengalis
      2. 36 million Biharis & Oriyas
  3. Reason - administrative convenience
  4. Reality - to strike the nerve centre of Indian nationalism
3. Home Secy Riseley - Bengal United's power Bengal divided will pull in several different ways
Anti-partition movement
1. Entire national leadership of Bengal
2. Initial stage leaders
  1. Surendra Nath Banerjee
  2. Krishna Kumar Mitra
3. Later stages
  1. Militant and revolutionary nationalists took over
4. But both cooperated
5. 7 August 1905 - Townhall Calcutta - massive demonstration
6. 16 October 1905 - partition took effect
7. Rabindranath Tagore - Amar Sonar Bangla - sung by huge crowds - adopted as national anthem of Bangladesh in 1971
8. Streets - Cries of Bande Mataram - became national song of Bengal - soon became theme song of National movement
9. Raksha Bandhan - Hindu Muslim tied Rakhi as a symbol of unbreakable unity
10. Anand Mohan Bose - laid foundation of Federation Hall
Swadeshi and boycott
1. BBengal leaders preferred more positive action than that of moderate methods
2. The answer Swadeshi and boycott
  1. Was an immense success
3. Burning of foreign cloth and picketing of shops selling foreign cloth
4. Atmashakti / self-reliance was important aspect
  1. Opening of
    1. Indigenous Interprises
    2. Textile mills
    3. Soap and match factories
    4. Handloom weaving
    5. National banks
    6. Insurance companies
  2. Acharya Ray
    1. Bengal chemical Swadeshi stores
  3. Rabindranath Tagore
    1. Swadeshi store
5. Influence of Swadeshi on culture
  1. Nationalist poetry prose and journalism
  2. Patriotic songs
    1. Rabindranath Tagore
    2. Rajnikant sen
    3. Syed Abu Muhammad
    4. Mukunda Das

National education
1. Literary
2. Technical
3. Physical education
4. 15 August 1906 National Council of education
5. National college with Aurobindo Ghosh as principal at Calcutta
Role of students women Muslims & the masses
1. Students
  1. Prominent role
  2. Picketing of shops selling foreign cloth
  3. Government reaction (for students and schools involved)
    1. Grant-in-aid withdrawn
    2. Schools disaffiliated
    3. Not permitted to compete for scholarship
    4. Barred from all services under government
    5. Expelled from school
2. Women
  1. traditionally home centred urban middle class
  2. Processions and picketing
  3. From here on active part for rest of nationallist movement
3. Muslims
  1. Abdul Rasul
  2. Liaqat Hussain
  3. Maulana Abul Kalam Azaad
    1. Joined revolutionary terrorist group
  4. Some others
    1. Remained neutral
    2. Supported the partition
      1. Nawab of Dhaka - 14 lakh loan from government

Masses

All India aspect of the movement
1. Bombay
2. Madras
3. Northern India
4. Tilak
  1. Major role
Growth of militancy
1. Leadership of antipartition movement passed on to militant nationalists lbp & ghosh
2. Because
  1. Moderates failed
  2. Seeds of Hindu Muslim dis unity
    1. Government of East Bengal
  3. Repressive government policy
    1. Singing Bunde Mataram banned - public singing
    2. Students crushed
    3. Public meetings restricted
    4. Laws controlling press
    5. Swadeshi workers prosecuted imprisoned
    6. Military police stationed
      1. Police assault Bengal provincial conference at Barisal April 19 06
    7. Leaders
      1. Krishna Kumar Mitra & Ashwini Kumar Dutt deported
      2. Lala Lajpat Rai. & Ajit Singh deported
      3. Tilak arrested again six year imprisonment
      4. Chidambaram Pillai & Hari sarvottam rao imprisoned
3. Militant nationalists Methods
  1. Swadeshi + boycott + passive resistance
  2. Aurobindo Ghosh-
    1. to make administration under present condition impossible
    2. Political freedom is the lifebreath of the nation
  3. Into mass movement
  4. Independence from foreign rule
    1. From partition freedom became central question
  5. Self sacrifice
4. Evaluation
  1. Failed in
    1. Effective leadership
    2. Positive lead and channelise people
    3. to read the masses
      1. Confined to Urban middle class and Zamindar
  2. Prominent leaders and end in 1908
    1. Tilak prison
    2. Bipin Chandra pal and Ghosh - retirement
  3. Positives
    1. People woken from slumber
    2. New form of mass mobilisation and political action
    3. Fearless attitude in politics
Growth of revolutionary nationalism
1. passive resistance no longer so physically expelled
2. Yugantar
  1. After Barisal conference 1906The- remedy is with people 30 crore
3. Influences
  1. Russian nihilists
  2. Irish terrorists
  3. Assassinate unpopular officers
4. Terrorist acts
  1. Chapekar bros
    1. Poona 2 unpopular British officers assassinated
  2. Savarkar
    1. Organised Abhinav Bharat
      1. Secret society of revolutionaries
  3. Newspapers
    1. Advocated revolutionary terrorism
      1. Sandya Bengal
      2. Yugantar Bengal
      3. Kal Maharashtra
  4. Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki
    1. 1907 -Lieutenant Governor of Bengal
    2. 1908 - believed to carry Kingsford an unpopular judge of Muzzafarpur bomb to carriage
    3. Chacki - shot himself
    4. Khudiram Bose tried and hanged
5. Secret societies
  1. Anusheelan Samiti
    1. Dhaka section had 500 branches
    2. Viceroy Lord Hardinge bomb elephant state procession in Delhi wounded
6. Centres abroad
  1. London
    1. Shyamaji Krishna Verma
    2. Savarkar
  2. Europe
    1. Madame cama
    2. Ajit Singh
7. The fall
  1. Terrorism was bound to fail
  2. Couldn't mobilise the masses
  3. No base among people
  4. Heroism
  5. Immensely popular terrorists even though political conscious people did not agree with their methods
  6. Historians - they gave us back the pride of manhood
Indian National Congress 1905 1914
1. Supported boycott and Swadeshi of Bengal
2. Disagreement
  1. Between moderates and militant nationalists
  2. Militant nationalists -
    1. Extend b&s to rest of the country
    2. And to extend b to every form of association with colonial government
  3. Moderates
    1. Only Bengal
    2. Only to foreign goods
  4. Tussle- President ship of National Congress 1906
    1. Dada was chosen as a compromise
    2. Coz he was respected by all nationalists
    3. He declared Swaraj as goal
  5. Split
    1. Surat session 1907 Dec
    2. Moderate leaders captured machinery of Congress and expelled extremists
  6. Minto Morley reforms
    1. "
    2. Real reason
    3. Separate electorate
      1. Communalism
The growth of communalism (Very Much Incomplete)
1. Communalism definition
2. Stages
3. Modern phenomenon
4. British attitude towards Muslims

Ahrar movement
Aligarh school
Deoband School
Turkey
Syyed Ahmed Khan
Hindu communalism
1. Punjab Hindu Sabha
2. First session all India Hindu Maha Sabha
Difference between Hindu and Muslim communalism during this time

Nationalists and the First World War
Home Rule leagues
1. Why
  1. Popular pressure for real conssessions
  2. So Mass agitation necessary
  3. But INC - Moderate - Passive - No Pol work among people
1. Demand
  1. Self govt after war
2. When
  1. 1915-16
3. Who
  1. Tilak
  2. Beasant + Subramanya Iyer
  3. Both worked in co operation
4. Revolutionary mvmt during war
  1. USA & Canada
    1. Gwadr (Rebellion) Party
      1. Punjabi sikh peasants & Ex Soldiers
Lucknow session of the Congress 1916
1. Nationalists realized _ disunity _ harming their cause
2. United 1st time since 1907
3. Demanded Further const reforms
4. AIML (All India Muslim League) & Congress
  1. Sank old differences
  2. Common pol demand b4 Govt
  3. Congress league pact (Lucknow pact) was signed
  4. MA Jinnah & Tilak - Imp Role - bringing 2 together
    1. Thought self govt only through Hindu-Muslim unity
  5. Same resolutions passed
  6. Joint scheme of political reforms
  7. Problem though
    1. Didn't involve masses
    2. Accepted separate electorates
    3. Hence no secularisation.. Later led to communalisation
5. Why
  1. Old controversy had no meaning now
  2. Political inactivity since breakup
  3. Tilak released in 1914
6. Result - Govt response
  1. Aug 1917
    1. Gradual dev of self governing institutions
    2. Progressive realisation of responsible govt of india
  2. 1918 Montague chlemsford reforms