- Militant nationalism / extremism
- Got expression during Partition of Bengal 1905 struggle
- Why/ how
- political training - educated Indians
- Nationalist Demands - not accepted, disillusionment
- Needed vigorous political
action other than
- Meetings
- Petitions
- Memorials
- Speeches
- True nature of the British rule - Exposed
- Moderate nationalist belief
- British rule can be reformed from within (Had belief)
- But Nationalist writers
- British rule was to exploit India economically
- Enrich England at the cost of India
- Progress economically possible only when Imperilsm was replaced by government by Indian people
- Indian Industries - flourish only under Indian government
- Evil economic consequence of
foreign government
- Famines 1896 to 1900 - 90 lakh people died
- Political events 1892 to
1905
- Indian councils act 1892
- 1898 law
- Offense to excite feelings of disaffection towards foreign government
- 1899
- Indian members in the Calcutta Corporation was reduced
- 1904 official secrets act - restrict freedom of press
- 1897 -
- Natu Brothers - deported without being tried
- Tilak and other newspaper editors - long terms of imprisonment for arousing people
- Anti-Congress attitude of Lord Curzon
- Social and cultural
- Primary and technical education no progress
- Higher education
- Officials were becoming suspicious and discouraged it's spread
- Indian University act 1904 - tighter control of Univ
- Moderate nationalist belief
- Growth of self-respect and self confidence
- Tilak,
Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra pal
- Preached self-respect
- Asked nationalists to rely on the capacity of masses
- Vivek Ananda also - self-respect - weakness is sin
- Tilak,
Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra pal
- Growth of education and unemployment
- 19th-century educated Indians increased rapidly
- Some low salaries in administrative work
- Others unemployment
- Influence of Western Ideas
- Democracy
- Nationalism
- Radicalism
- Educated Indians - followers
of militant nationalism coz
- Low paid or unemployed
- Educated in World history modern thought and politics
- International influences
- Japan
- Rise
of modern Japan after 1868
- Asian country could develop itself without western control
- Became first rate industrial and military power
- Introduced universal primary education
- Efficient modern Administration
- Rise
of modern Japan after 1868
- Ethiopia
- Italian defeat by Ethiopians in 1896
- Japan
- Russian defeat by Japan in 1905
- Revolutionary movements
- Ireland Russia Egypt Turkey China
- South Africa
- Boer wars
- Moral of the story
- The spirit of patriotism and self-sacrifice could challenge even the most powerful of despotic governments
- Japan
- Militant nationalist school of thought
- Had existed from the beginning of Nationalist movement
- Represented by
- Bengal - Raj Narain Bose & Ashwin Kumar Dutt
- Maharashtra -
- vishnu Shastri chiplunkar
- Lokamanya Bala
Gangadhar Tilak
- Co Founder
- New English School 1880s - became Fergusson College
- Mahratta English newspaper
- Kesari Marathi newspaper
- 1893 traditional Ganapathy festival
- Shivaji festival
- No tax campaign in MH 1896-97
- Failed crops - withholdment of land Revenue
- 1897 - arrested for
spreading. Hatred and disaffection
- Symbol - new national spirit of self-sacrifice
- Co Founder
- Favourable climate
- Second stage of national movement
- Leaders
- Lal Bal
Pal
- Bala Ganga Dara Tilak
- Bipin Chandra pal
- Lala Lajpat Rai
- Aurobindo Ghosh
- Lal Bal
Pal
- Believed that
- Indians themselves should work
- Great sacrifices and sufferings are needed
- Denied progress is possible under British
- Masses
- Faith in strength of masses
- Direct political action by masses
- Trained leadership - was available by 1905 to guide political agitations
- Partition of Bengal
- 1905 - partition of Bengal announced - Lord Curzon - militant nationalism emerged - national movement entered second stage
- Lord Curzon Order - Bengal into two parts (Doubt in Muslim majority Areas)
- East
Bengal and Assam
- 31 million
- The rest of Bengal
- 54 million
- 18 million Bengalis
- 36 million Biharis & Oriyas
- 54 million
- Reason - administrative convenience
- Reality - to strike the nerve centre of Indian nationalism
- East
Bengal and Assam
- Home Secy Riseley - Bengal United's power Bengal divided will pull in several different ways
- Anti-partition movement
- Entire national leadership of Bengal
- Initial stage leaders
- Surendra Nath Banerjee
- Krishna Kumar Mitra
- Later stages
- Militant and revolutionary nationalists took over
- But both cooperated
- 7 August 1905 - Townhall Calcutta - massive demonstration
- 16 October 1905 - partition took effect
- Rabindranath Tagore - Amar Sonar Bangla - sung by huge crowds - adopted as national anthem of Bangladesh in 1971
- Streets - Cries of Bande Mataram - became national song of Bengal - soon became theme song of National movement
- Raksha Bandhan - Hindu Muslim tied Rakhi as a symbol of unbreakable unity
- Anand Mohan Bose - laid foundation of Federation Hall
- Swadeshi and boycott
- BBengal leaders preferred more positive action than that of moderate methods
- The answer Swadeshi and
boycott
- Was an immense success
- Burning of foreign cloth and picketing of shops selling foreign cloth
- Atmashakti / self-reliance
was important aspect
- Opening
of
- Indigenous Interprises
- Textile mills
- Soap and match factories
- Handloom weaving
- National banks
- Insurance companies
- Acharya Ray
- Bengal chemical Swadeshi stores
- Rabindranath Tagore
- Swadeshi store
- Opening
of
- Influence of Swadeshi on
culture
- Nationalist poetry prose and journalism
- Patriotic songs
- Rabindranath Tagore
- Rajnikant sen
- Syed Abu Muhammad
- Mukunda Das
- National
education
- Literary
- Technical
- Physical education
- 15 August 1906 National Council of education
- National college with Aurobindo Ghosh as principal at Calcutta
- Role of students women Muslims & the masses
- Students
- Prominent role
- Picketing of shops selling foreign cloth
- Government reaction (for
students and schools involved)
- Grant-in-aid withdrawn
- Schools disaffiliated
- Not permitted to compete for scholarship
- Barred from all services under government
- Expelled from school
- Women
- traditionally home centred urban middle class
- Processions and picketing
- From here on active part for rest of nationallist movement
- Muslims
- Abdul Rasul
- Liaqat Hussain
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azaad
- Joined revolutionary terrorist group
- Some others
- Remained neutral
- Supported the partition
- Nawab of Dhaka - 14 lakh loan from government
- Students
- Masses
- All India aspect of the movement
- Bombay
- Madras
- Northern India
- Tilak
- Major role
- Growth of militancy
- Leadership of antipartition movement passed on to militant nationalists lbp & ghosh
- Because
- Moderates failed
- Seeds of Hindu Muslim dis
unity
- Government of East Bengal
- Repressive government
policy
- Singing Bunde Mataram banned - public singing
- Students crushed
- Public meetings restricted
- Laws controlling press
- Swadeshi workers prosecuted imprisoned
- Military police stationed
- Police assault Bengal provincial conference at Barisal April 19 06
- Leaders
- Krishna Kumar Mitra & Ashwini Kumar Dutt deported
- Lala Lajpat Rai. & Ajit Singh deported
- Tilak arrested again six year imprisonment
- Chidambaram Pillai & Hari sarvottam rao imprisoned
- Militant nationalists
Methods
- Swadeshi + boycott + passive resistance
- Aurobindo Ghosh-
- to make administration under present condition impossible
- Political freedom is the lifebreath of the nation
- Into mass movement
- Independence from foreign
rule
- From partition freedom became central question
- Self sacrifice
- Evaluation
- Failed in
- Effective leadership
- Positive lead and channelise people
- to read the masses
- Confined to Urban middle class and Zamindar
- Prominent leaders and end
in 1908
- Tilak prison
- Bipin Chandra pal and Ghosh - retirement
- Positives
- People woken from slumber
- New form of mass mobilisation and political action
- Fearless attitude in politics
- Failed in
- Growth of revolutionary nationalism
- passive resistance no longer so physically expelled
- Yugantar
- After Barisal conference 1906The- remedy is with people 30 crore
- Influences
- Russian nihilists
- Irish terrorists
- Assassinate unpopular officers
- Terrorist acts
- Chapekar
bros
- Poona 2 unpopular British officers assassinated
- Savarkar
- Organised Abhinav Bharat
- Secret society of revolutionaries
- Organised Abhinav Bharat
- Newspapers
- Advocated revolutionary terrorism
- Sandya Bengal
- Yugantar Bengal
- Kal Maharashtra
- Advocated revolutionary terrorism
- Khudiram Bose and Prafulla
Chaki
- 1907 -Lieutenant Governor of Bengal
- 1908 - believed to carry Kingsford an unpopular judge of Muzzafarpur bomb to carriage
- Chacki - shot himself
- Khudiram Bose tried and hanged
- Chapekar
bros
- Secret societies
- Anusheelan
Samiti
- Dhaka section had 500 branches
- Viceroy Lord Hardinge bomb elephant state procession in Delhi wounded
- Anusheelan
Samiti
- Centres abroad
- London
- Shyamaji Krishna Verma
- Savarkar
- Europe
- Madame cama
- Ajit Singh
- London
- The fall
- Terrorism was bound to fail
- Couldn't mobilise the masses
- No base among people
- Heroism
- Immensely popular terrorists even though political conscious people did not agree with their methods
- Historians - they gave us back the pride of manhood
- Indian National Congress 1905 1914
- Supported boycott and Swadeshi of Bengal
- Disagreement
- Between moderates and militant nationalists
- Militant nationalists -
- Extend b&s to rest of the country
- And to extend b to every form of association with colonial government
- Moderates
- Only Bengal
- Only to foreign goods
- Tussle- President ship of
National Congress 1906
- Dada was chosen as a compromise
- Coz he was respected by all nationalists
- He declared Swaraj as goal
- Split
- Surat session 1907 Dec
- Moderate leaders captured machinery of Congress and expelled extremists
- Minto Morley reforms
- "
- Real reason
- Separate electorate
- Communalism
- The growth of communalism (Very Much Incomplete)
- Communalism definition
- Stages
- Modern phenomenon
- British attitude towards Muslims
- Ahrar movement
- Aligarh school
- Deoband School
- Turkey
- Syyed Ahmed Khan
- Hindu communalism
- Punjab Hindu Sabha
- First session all India Hindu Maha Sabha
- Difference between Hindu and Muslim communalism during this time
- Nationalists and the First World War
- Home Rule leagues
- Why
- Popular pressure for real conssessions
- So Mass agitation necessary
- But INC - Moderate - Passive - No Pol work among people
- Demand
- Self govt after war
- When
- 1915-16
- Who
- Tilak
- Beasant + Subramanya Iyer
- Both worked in co operation
- Revolutionary mvmt during
war
- USA &
Canada
- Gwadr (Rebellion) Party
- Punjabi sikh peasants & Ex Soldiers
- Gwadr (Rebellion) Party
- USA &
Canada
- Why
- Lucknow session of the Congress 1916
- Nationalists realized _ disunity _ harming their cause
- United 1st time since 1907
- Demanded Further const reforms
- AIML (All India Muslim
League) & Congress
- Sank old differences
- Common pol demand b4 Govt
- Congress league pact (Lucknow pact) was signed
- MA Jinnah & Tilak - Imp
Role - bringing 2 together
- Thought self govt only through Hindu-Muslim unity
- Same resolutions passed
- Joint scheme of political reforms
- Problem though
- Didn't involve masses
- Accepted separate electorates
- Hence no secularisation.. Later led to communalisation
- Why
- Old controversy had no meaning now
- Political inactivity since breakup
- Tilak released in 1914
- Result - Govt response
- Aug 1917
- Gradual dev of self governing institutions
- Progressive realisation of responsible govt of india
- 1918 Montague chlemsford reforms
- Aug 1917