- Emergence of New forces
- 1920's Communism
- Marxist & Social ideas spread
- Why, New trend of
socialism -
- Inspiration from Marxists
- Success of Russian revolution
- Dissatisfied with Gandhian political ideas and programmes
- Youth
- Active
- Student conference &
Youth leagues
- Youths becoming active like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose
- 1st All-Bengal Conference of Students - 1928 presided by JN
- Their ideals in general
- Socialism
- Radical solutions for PES ills
- Complete independence
- Communist party - 1925
- M.N.Roy became the 1st Indian to be elected to the leadership of the communist International
- 1924 - Govt arrested Muzaffar Ahmed and S.A.Dange for spreading communism and tried in kanpur conspiracy case
- Merut conspiracy case - 1929/ to supress communist and trade unionist for organising Indian railway strike
- Left wing against
- Imperialism
- Internal class oppression by capitalist and landlords
- Peasant and workers agitation
- UP
- Gujarat - Bardoli Satyagraha by Sardar Vallabhbhai patel organised no tax campaign in 1928
- WB- kharagpur - South Indian railway workers went on strike
- Jharkhand - Jamshedpur/Tata Iron and steel works workers strike/Subhas chandra bose settled it
- MH- Bombay textile Mills /1.5 lakh workers on strike/Biggest of all
- Hindustan
republican association - 1924 to organise armed rebellion
- Kakori conspiracy case on them 1925 - train robbery near lucknow
- 4 hanged - Ram prasad Bismil and Ashfaqulla
- In 1928 under leadership of Chandra Shekhar Azad name changed into Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)
- Gradually moved away from violence
- But anti-simon commision lathi charge killed Lala lajpat Rai in 1928
- So Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru assassinated Saunders,police officer incharge of lathi charge
- Later Bhagat Singh and B.K.Dutt threw a harmless bomb in central legislative Assembly "to make deaf hear"
- Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were executed in 1931
- Jatin das, Bhagat Singh fasted in prison against horrible condition of prison and Jatin Das died after 63 days fast
- Chandra Shekhar Azad
- killed in encounter in public park in Allahabad, now Azad Park
- Chittagong
armoury raid -
1930 in Bengal
- Surya sen organised it
- Well planned and large scale
- 1933- surya sen arrested and hanged
- 1920's Communism
- BOYCOTT OF
THE SIMON COMMISION
- "Simon go back" - Boycotted bcos all members of commision were British
- 1927- Madras session presided by Dr.Ansari decided to boycott "every stage and in every form"
- Muslim league and hindu mahasabha supported
- Muslim as a gesture of solidarity accepted the principle of joint electorate, provided seats were reserved for the Muslims
- End result is nehru Report(motilal Nehru) but was not passed in All party convention calcutta -1929 bcos of communalsit (Muslim league, hindu mahasabha, Sikh league)
- Gandhi felt time not right for struggle so anti-simon commission movement didn't become wider political struggle.
- POORNA
SWARAJ
- Lahore session - 1929
- Nehru succeeded Motilal Nehru as president of congress(foundation stone for hereditary politics--pun intended)
- 31, Dec, 1929 newly adopted flag hoisted
- 26, Jan, 1930 was fixed as 1st Independence day
- The civil
disobedience movement
- 1930 - Dandi march kick started civil disobedience movement (By Gandhi)
- 78 chosen followers,375km (Sabarmati to Dandi)
- Many government officials resigned
- Followed by violation of forest laws in MH,KR and the central provinces
- Refusal to pay rural chaukidari tax in eastern India
- In NW pathans under leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (frontier gandhi) organised the society of Khudai Khidmatgars( servants of God) a.k.a red shirts pledged to non-violence and the freedom struggle
- 2 platoons of Garhwali soldiers refused to open fire on non-violent mass demonstrators even though they were to face court martial --- showed the penetration of nationalism into Indian army
- NE
- Manipur
- Nagaland
- Rani Gaidilieu
- 13 yrs
- Responded to gandhi
- Imprisoned in 1932, Released in 1947
- Rani Gaidilieu
- Govts Reply
- Arrested 90,000 Sathyagrahis (Including Gandhi & Congress leaders)
- Congress declared illegal
- Censorship of News
- Violence & Killing
- South India most severe repression
- Meanwhile
- 1st RTC
- London 1930
- To discuss Simon Commission report
- INC Boycotted
- Abortive
- Gandhi-Irwin pact
- Irwin + Gandhi Settlement - Mar 1931
- Govt
- Release Pol Prisoners who were Non-Violent
- Commute Bhagat Singh and 2 others death sentence
- Rt to make salt
- Rt to peaceful picketing of Liquor & Foreign cloth
- Cong
- Suspend CDM
- To take part in 2nd RTC
- Result
- INC and Gandhi attended 2nd RTC
- INC's younger and left wing not happy as many demands not met even though congress met, esp Bhagat Singh death sentence
- British and Congress negotiated on equal terms --- so INC coming of age
- Struggle(extra legal mass struggle)-truce(political struggle within 4 walls of the law)
- 2nd RTC- sep,1931
- INC demanded immediate dominion status, which was denied
- Meanwhile farmers agitation against govt land revenue policy
- On return gandhi resumed CDM
- Viceroy Lord Willingdon ordered heavy force and gandhi was arrested, nationalist literature banned and newspaper censored
- CDM officially suspended in 1933 and withdrawn in 1934 followed by br realising political prisoners
- Result - CDM failed but people won independence in their heart
- 3rd RTC - nov,1932
- Without congress
- GOI 1935 passed - all india federation, provincial autonomy but governor can veto leg, bicameralism(but rulers appointed state reps) , --- federal provision not implemented but provincial implemented
- Election in 1937 - Despite opposing congress contested and won 7/11 provinces and coalition in 2 more, only bengal(ML and krishak Parja party) and punjab(Unionist party) had non-congress
- 1st RTC
- The congress ministries
- Reduced their salaries to Rs.500
- Promoted civil liberties
- Repealed restrictions on the press
- Permitted trade union
- Release political prisoners including revolutionary terrorists
- Greater attention to Education and public health
- Nationalist politics - 1935-1939
- GROWTH OF SOCIALIST IDEAS
- 1920's-1930's
- 1929 -US great economic slump
- Soviet union was growing
- 1st time Nehru in Lucknow congress 1936 urged congress to accept socialism as its goal
- The resolution on Fundamental Rights and Economic policy passed in Karachi Session
- 1945- Congress working committee recommended abolition of landlordism
- 1938- Subhas chandra Bose as president setup national planning committe under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru
- 1934- Congress socialist party under Acharya Narendra dev and Jai prakash Narayan
- 1935- P.C.Joshi - Communist party
- 1939- Bose re-elected but Gandhi opposed it so Bose resigned and started Forward Bloc
- THE PEASANTS AND WORKERS
MOVEMENTS
- 1928 depression dropped agri price by 50% by 1932
- Peasant demanded reduction on land revenue
- All India Kisan Sabha was formed by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati in1936
- CONGRESS AND WORLD AFFAIRS
- Foreign policy based on anti-imperialism and anti-fascism
- JN attended congress of oppressed nationalities on behalf of the national congress in Brussels capital of Belgium
- Nehru was elected to the executive council of the league against Imperialism that was born at this congress
- Condemned fascism Italy, Germany, Japan
- Supported china when japan attacked them by refraining to use japanese goods
- 1938- medical mission to china headed by Dr.M.Atal to work with chinese armed forces
- Against using Indian army to serve British interest
- PEOPLE'S STRUGGLE IN THE
PRINCLEY STATES
- Corrupt and decadent princes - earlier external and internal threat over throw such rulers but now British provided security for internal and external
- Gross mismanagement of state affairs- everything was wrong - health, education, slavery, land revenue
- British used princes as check for national unity and counter national movement
- Princes suppressed CDM in their states and used communalism - Nizam of Hyderabad(anti-Muslims), Maharaja of Kashmir (anti-Hindus),Maharaja of travancore(Christian behind CDM)
- All India states people's conference - 1929 to coordinate political activities in states
- GROWTH OF COMMUINALISM
- Restricted franchise and separate electorate made it possible
- Muslim league and hindu mahasabha supported communal elements to defeat congress in election
- Zamindars and money lenders supported communal parties as congress started many electoral reforms
- Two nation theory of ML was also supported by Hindu Mahasabha
- Congress doesn't want to appease any communal group as doing so would aggravate other communalist
- Finally muslim communalist succeeded in partition
- National Movement during the
second world war
- Hitler occupied Austria in 1938, Czechoslovakia in 1939, and invaded Poland in 1939
- Br and Fr went for poland's aid and dragged indian into it without consulting congress or elected reps of leg
- India already under foreign rule fighting for freedom or another country sounds absurd and congress demanded immediate freedom, which Br refused
- Gandhi started limited satyagraha, Vinoba bhave being 1st in 1940 as gandhi supported war against fascism and at the same time he was against imperialism
- Japan attacked USA and ran over SEA and reached Burma - - so India want to support Br efforts in turn for substantial power transfer and complete independence after war
- Br being desperate for cooperation sent Cripps(cab min & radical left so pro Indian independence) Mission in 1942 but failed so Gandhi through All India Congress Committee launched "QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT" and gave the slogan "DO OR DIE"
- Br arrested gandhi and others and made congress illegal once again
- Left leaderless movement became violent and bengal and madras became most affected
- Parallel Govts
- Ballia - UP
- Tamluk - midnapore district of Bengal
- Satara - Bombay
- Govt rxn
- Press banned
- Machine gunned + Air bombed
- Military rule
- Punitive fines, torture
- Br crushed it like 1857 revolt
- Analysis of revolt of 1942
- Short lived
- Depth of Nationalist feeling - intense
- After suppression -No political activity
- Leaders In Jail, No new leaders
- Peasant, workers, students supported and B'y and upper class loyal to govt
- 1943 Bengal Famine
- 3 Mn died of starvation
- People angry but no expression in political struggleBr could have prevented
- Expression outside India
- SC Bose (SCB)
- USSR
- Escaped from India (1941 Mar) to USSR
- USSR joined Allies
- Ger
- So went to Ger
- JP
- Japan in 1943 feb
- Singapore
- Formed AZAD HIND FAUJ (INA)
- Rash Behari Bose assisted
- General Mohan Singh b4 SCB had taken steps for INA
- INA
- Joined by
- Indian residents in SE Asia
- Ind Soldiers & Officers captured by Jp forces in Malaya, Singapore & Burma
- Called SCB Netaji
- Jai Hind - slogan
- Joined Jp Army
- Marched upto Burma
- JP collapse in WW2
- So INA was defeated
- SCB - Airplane crash - way to tokyo
- Joined by
- USSR
- SC Bose (SCB)
- Post War struggle
- New Phase
- Against INA trial
- Shah Nawaz Khan + Gurdial Singh Dhillon + Prem Sehgal (INA Officers)
- Earlier - Br Ind Army officers
- Accusation - Traitors - Broken oath of Loyalty of Br Crown
- People called them National heroes
- Mass popular demonstrations
- Court Martial held them guilty
- But Govt set them free
- Why - Read below
- Changed attitude of Br
Govt Coz
- BOP world changed
- (US & USSR ) as Powers
- They supported indian freedom
- WW2 Shattered UK s Eco
& Mil Pow
- Change in Govt in Br (Labour party replaced Conservatives)
- Br soldiers tired
- Patriotism into Indian
personnel (Army + Civil) - Coudnt rely - to suppress Nat Mvmt
- Indian Naval rating revolt Bombay 1946
- Royal Indian Air force strike
- Police + Bureaucracy - Nationalist leniency
- Naval Mutiny to release INA prisoners - Abdur rashid notable officer
- People Mood
- Need freedom
- Release INA prisioners
- Army shot people in this hartal
- Labour unrest
- Postal and telegraph workers
- Railway workers of south India
- Tebhaga struggle Bengal - farmer pay 1/3rd instead of 1/2nd
- BOP world changed
- 1946 - Election - congress
won most seats and Ml in reserved seats
- 1946- cabinet mission to transfer power with federal autonomy - Both Congress and ML accepted but both interpreted differently
- Followed by communal killings - aug,1946
- Interim cabinet formed with Nehru as head
- 1947- Attlee said 1948 independence
- Lord Mount batten worked out compromise and partitioned India and advanced independence
- Partition not the way ML wanted(1/3rd India) but those where ML is influential
- Partition was bloody so congress accepted it and even Jinnah toned down his communal politics and revised his 2 nation theory by saying muslims in India should be loyal to India. Br also didn't do enough to curb bloody nature of partition
- Princely states were allowed to join any dominion but patel ensured most joined India. But nawab of Junagadh(plebiscite),nizam of Hyderabad (police action) and Maharaja of J&K (instrument of accession) held back but later joined
- Gandhi was killed in WB on 30 jan 1948 by an arsehole
- Br left behind India of
- Prejudice
- Inequality
- Ignorance
- Backwardness
- Freedom struggle gave
- Over throwing of Colonial rule
- Vision for free India
- Political awakening
- Cautious foreign policy
- Constitution &
egalitarian India
- Secular
- Democratic
- Parliamentary
- Federation
- Adult franchise
- Fr
- Dpsp
- Against INA trial
- New Phase