- 3rd and last phase 1919
- Popular mass
movement initiated
- Greatest in world history
- Popular mass
movement initiated
- Why
- New matured political situation
- After WW1 nationalists were expecting major political gains
- Economic situation
- Price rise
- Depression in economic activity
- During war
- Indian Industries prospered
- Coz foreign imports of manufactured goods were stopped
- After war
- Industries
- loss and failure due to cheap imports
- foreign capital invested in India to compete indian capital
- Industrialists
- wanted protection by imposing high custom duty
- Realised only independent Indian government could provide that
- Artisans and workers
- Soldiers
- Triumphs from Africa Asia and Europe
- Imparted Confidence and knowledge of the world to Rural areas
- Peasants
- Poverty
- High taxation
- Urban educated Indians
- Unemployment
- Industries
- International situation
- Allied nations
war time promise to the world
- Democracy and self-determination
- Britain France US Italy Japan
- Broke promise
- Paris peace conference
- Colonies of defeated powers shared among Allied powers
- Germany and Turkey ( Africa , West Asia, East Asia)
- militant nationalism out of disillusionment was born in Asia and Africa
- India - half-hearted constitutional reform
- Erosion of white man's
Prestige
- Eroded racial and cultural superiority bcos during war both sides intense propaganda against each other
- Exposed opponents uncivilised colonial record
- Russian revolution
- Bloshevick (communist) party led by Lenin overthrew Czarist Regime
- First socialist state Soviet Union
- Renounced its imperialist rights in China and Asia
- Self-determination and equal status to Asian nationalities
- Motivated others bcos
- If unarmed peasants revolution succeeded
- Others also can fight
- Allied nations
war time promise to the world
- Nationalist movement
- India
- Government reaction
- Carrot /
concession
- Montague Chelmsford reforms
- Repression or stick
- Rowlatt act
- Carrot /
concession
- Other countries also - nationalism - Ireland Turkey Egypt Arab countries northern Africa west Asia Iran Afghanistan Burma Malaya Indonesia Indo-china Philippines China Korea
- After war concessions
- Montague(sec)
Chelmsford(vic) reforms
- Constitutional reforms which led to government of India act 1919
- Provincial legislative
Council
- Enlarged
- Majority of them were elected
- Provincial government
- More power
under Dyarchy
- Reserved
subjects
- Finance law and order
- Direct control of Governor
- Transferred subjects
- Education public health local self-government
- Controlled by ministers responsible for legislatures
- Inference
- Governor
- complete control of Finance
- Governor could overrule ministers on any grounds
- Leg
- More power now
- Governor
- Reserved
subjects
- More power
under Dyarchy
- Centre
- 2 houses of legislatures
- Lower house
- 41 nominated members out of 144
- Upper house
- 26 nominated
- 34 elected
- Legislatures had no control over governor and his executive council
- Central government had unrestricted control over provincial government
- INC
- Condemned the proposal in Bombay session in 1918
- Surendranath Banerjee
- Favoured acceptance of government proposal
- Founded liberal Federation
- Came to be known as liberals
- Henceforth minor role in Indian politics
- Montague(sec)
Chelmsford(vic) reforms
- After war repressions
- Rowlett act
- After work
- 1919 Rowlatt act
- Against rule of law
- Was passed even after every Indian member of Central legislative Council opposed it
- What
- Imprison any person without trial or conviction in a court of law
- Suspend habeas corpus which was foundation of civil liberties in Britain
- During war
- Revolutionaries hunted down
- Abdul Kalam Azaad prison
- After work
- Rowlett act
- Gandhi
- Situation
after WW1
- Cruel
Joke
- Rowlett act Further restriction of Civil Liberties instead of Extension of democracy after War
- So agitation
- Gandhi assumes leadership
- In S Af - had evolved
- New form - Non-cooperation
- New Technique - Satya(truth)graha(holding onto) - satyagrahi will be truthful and perfectly peaceful, but at the same time he would refuse to submit to what he considered wrong.
- In S Af - had evolved
- His Super power
- Basic sympathy
- Understanding of problems & Psychology of Indian peasantry
- Hence
- Brought masses into mainstream of nationalist politics
- United all sections in militant mass national movement
- Cruel
Joke
- Gandhi and His ideas
- October 2 1869
- legal education in Britain
- South Africa to practice
law
- Issues
- Right to vote
- Poll tax
- Indian forced to reside in prescribed location which is sanitary congested prescribed location
- No out of doors after 9 PM
- Footpath usage
- Satyagraha was evolved
- Truth and nonviolence
- Satyagrahi -
- truthful and peaceful
- Should refuse To submit to what is considered wrong
- Accept suffering willingly while struggling against wrongdoers
- While resisting evil he would love evil doer
- Hatred would be alien to the nature
- Fearless
- Never bow down before evil whatever the consequences
- Nonviolence was not a weapon of the week and the cowardly only the strong and brave could practice it
- 1920 young India - Non violence is the law of our species as violence is the law of the brute but that when there is only a choice between cowardice and violence I would advise violence. I would rather have India resort to arms in order to defend our honour than she should become or remain a helpless witness to our own dishonour
- Thought and practice + Belief & action - t&nv daily living
- Faith in capacity of common people to fight
- Sabarmati Ashram 1916
- Issues
- Gandhi
- Identified his life & his manner of living with the life of common people
- Symbol of poor India
- 3 imp causes of his
- Hindu Muslim unity
- Fight untouchability
- Raise soc status of women
- Rel
- Devout Hindu
- Cul & Rel outlook
- Universal
- Broad
- Indian culture
- Is neither Hindu or Islamic
- It's the fusion of all
- Indians should have deep roots in their culture
- And acquire the the best of other cultures
- Villages - Told nationalist workers to go to villages coz that's where India lives
- Turned nationalism towards common man
- Symbol - khadi - became uniform for nationalists
- India's salvation
- Situation
after WW1
- Champaran satyagraha 1917
- Problem
- Bihar
- First satyagraha
- Peasantry
- Indigo plantations
- European planters
- Indigo on 3/20th of land
- price fixed by planters
- Earlier
- Bengal same problem
- 1859-61 - apprising - problem solved
- Gandhi
- Gandhi's campaign in South Africa famous
- So peasants of Champaran invited him
- Accompanied by Rajendra Prasad, jb Kripalani Gandhi reached
- Officials ordered him to leave
- He defied the order
- Ready to face trial and imprisonment
- Government cancelled earlier order
- Appointed committee of enquiry
- Gandhi was a member
- First CDM was won
- Problem
- Ahmedabad mill strike. 1918
- Bw workers & mill owners
- 35% increase in wages
- Fast unto death - G
- Kheda
- 1918
- Gujarat
- Crops failed
- Govt refused remittances of tax
- G advised withhold meant of revenue
- Govt - secret instruction - revenue collection only from those who can pay
- Patel became Gs follower
- When masses were awakened from sleep & became active in politics
- Satyagraha against Rowlett
act
- Gandhi was aroused too
- Satyagraha Sabha was founded
by G 1919 Feb
- Members disobey the act
- Court arrest & imprisonment (New method)
- This method raised the movement to a new level
- Nationalist could now act instead of just agitation
- Forms of pol struggle known
to nationalists b4
- Agitation
- Meetings & demonstrations
- Refusal to cooperate
- Boycott of foreign cloth & schools
- Individual acts of terrorism
- March & April 1919 -
political awakening in India
- Hindu Muslim unity
- Hartals strikes
- Jallian Wala Bagh massacre
- G call for mighty Hartal 6 April 1919
- People enthusiasm
- Punjab
- Worst pol crime of modern history
- 13 Apr 1919
- Amritsar
- People - to protest against arrest of popular leaders Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew & Dr Satyapal
- Gen Dyer
- Machine gun
- Tagore renounced Knighthood
- Khilafat & NCM fuck very
big
- Lucknow Pact - Hindu Muslim unity
- Rowlett act - again united hindu muslim
- Hindu Muslim unity example
- Arya Samaj leader Swami Shradanand was asked by Muslim to preach from Jama Masjid of Delhi
- Dr kitclew was given keys to Golden Temple
- Ottoman Empire - Sultan of turkey is caliph or religious head of muslims
- Khilafat committee by Ali Bros, Moulana Azad, hakim Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani
- All India khilafat conference 1919 Delhi decided to withdrew all support to government
- Muslim league full support to National Congress
- Tilak and Gandhi opportunity Hindu Muslim unity
- The government meanwhile
refused
- Refuse to Annul Rowlett act
- Refused to amend Punjab wrong
- Self government
- June 1920 all-party conference Allahabad boycott schools colleges law courts
- Khilafat Committee NCM August 1920
- September 1920 Calcutta
- December 1920 Nagpur
- Defy government and its laws
- Change in the Constitution
of Congress
- Provincial Congress committee on basis of linguistic areas
- CWC - Led by working committee of 15 members
- To reach down to the masses reduced to 4 Anna's
- Congress changed its character as the leader of the masses
- Some
- Did not like the new character
- Believed in traditional method of agitation
- Confined within the four walls of law
- Opposed hartals strikes satyagraha breaking the laws "imprisonment militant struggle
- Jinnah Bipin, Chandra pal, Annie Beasant left congress
- 1921-22 people's struggle
- Students left government schools
- Joined National schools
- New national school
- (National Muslim University) Jamia Millia Islamia later shifted to Delhi
- Bihar Vidyapith
- Kashi Vidyapith
- Gujarat Vidhyapith
- Acharia Narendra Dev, Zakir Usain, Lala Lajpat Rai were teachers here
- Lawyers give up their
lucrative legal practice
- Chittaranjan Das deshBandhu
- Moti Lal Nehru
- Rajendra Prasad
- Saif Uddin kitchlew
- Rajagopal Acharia
- Sardar Patel
- T Prakasam
- Asaf Ali
- Tilak Swaraj fund founded
- To finance NCM
- Over six months crore rupee was subscribed
- Women
- Offered their jewellery
- All India khilafat committee
- Resolution that no Muslim should serve in British Indian Army
- Ali Bros arrested for sedition
- All India Congress
committee + Gandhi + Congress
working committee
- Similar resolution -no Indian should serve Br govt which degraded India socially economically and politically
- CDM incl. withholding dues and NCM launched
- Government reaction
- Congress & Khilafat declared illegal
- All imp arrested except Gandhi (3000)
- People
- Prince of Whales - Nov 21 - Demonstrations
- Congress Meeting Allahabad
- Dec 1921
- Intensify non violent NCM
- Pledge Satyagrahis
- Non violent
- Unity among all religions
- Hindu fight against untouchability
- People to organize
- Individual & Mass CDM
- Dec 1921
- Famous struggles
- Punjab - Akali Movement against corrupt Mahants
- Assam - tea plantation workers strike
- Malabar - Moplahs, Muslim peasants - anti-zamindars
- Gandhi Feb 1922
- Mass CDM + Non Payment of tax if within 7 days
- Didn't release prisoners
- Press released from govt control
- Mass CDM + Non Payment of tax if within 7 days
- The struggle
which went too far (Overacting)
- UP - Gorakhpur - chauri Chaura incident - police fired on people and people burnt police station and 22 police died --- this lead to Gandhi withdraw NCM
- Why gandhi withdraw NCM
- People haven't understood non-violence and satyagraha
- Br could easily suppress movement stating violence
- CWC passed
resolution(Bardoli resolution) to withdraw NCM and do constructive work
- Popular & Young leaders dissapointed
- SC Bose
- JL Nehru
- But both leaders & People had faith in Gandhi
- Popular & Young leaders dissapointed
- Gandhi was arrested and he pleaded guilty and sent to 6 year prison 1922
- Mustafa kamal Pasha made turkey secular and abolished caliph made Khilafat movement irrelevant
- NCM and CDM apparently
failed but
- National movt reached remotest corner
- Urban muslims in nationalist movement
- United hindu muslim even though political struggle was communalised
- Women inclusive
- People
- Lost the sense of fear of the brute strength of the Br
- Self confidence & Self esteem
- G - The fight which was started in 1920 was the fight to the finish
- Br rule - Twin notions
- They ruled India for the good of Indians
- Challenged by economic critique by moderates
- Disseminated to the common man through speeches, NwP, Dramas, Songs, etc
- Challenged by economic critique by moderates
- Invincible and Incapable
of being overthrown
- Challenged by satayagraha and mass struggle
- They ruled India for the good of Indians
- Government reaction
- Congress & Khilafat declared illegal
- Swarajists
- Demoralisation in nationalist ranks after withdrawal of NCM
- 1922 28
- Differences among leaders
- CR Das & Motilal Nehru(
Swarajists)
- Nationalists
should
- End boycott of leg councils
- Enter them
- Obstruct their working
- Expose its weakness
- Transform into areas of political struggle
- Accepted programs of congress except it would take part in leg councils
- In dec,1922 - Das(prez) and M.nehru(sec) started Congress-khilafat Swarajya party within congress
- Nationalists
should
- No changers
- Patel , Prasad, Dr.Ansari
- Opposed Council entry
- Politics would lead to
- neglect of work among the masses
- Create rivalries
- Weaken nationalist fervour
- Constructive program
- To prepare people for new round of mass struggle
- No changers vs swarajists
- Political controversy
- Gandhi also failed to unite
- Both were avoiding split as that of 1907 Surat
- Swarajists
- 1923 Nov elections -42 /101 seats
- Out voted govt in cent and provincial assembly
- Patel elected as speaker of cent assembly
- Powerful speeches on self govt civil liberties, industrial dev
- Exposed reform act of 1919
- CR Das death 1925
- No changers
- Ashrams all over country
- Promoted charkha & khadi
- National schools & colleges
- Adrenaline Withdrawal
symptoms of NCM
- People frustrated
- Communalism
- Communal elements took advantage
- Communal riots
- Muslim league(1906) & Hindu Maha Sabha(december 1917) became active now
- Responsivists
- Madan Mohan Malaviya, Lala Lajpat Rai, khelkar
- Cooperation to government to safeguard Hindu interests
- Accused Moti Lal Nehru of being anti-Hindu, supporting cow slaughter and eating beef
- 21 day fast Gandhi
- Maulana mohamed Ali's house
- Penance for inhumanity in communal riots
- No one gave damn